List of state leaders in the 19th century (1801–1850)
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This is a list of state leaders in the 19th century (1801–1850) AD, except for the leaders within British south Asia and its predecessor states, and those leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.
These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 19th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire, are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806), and found on this list of leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire.
Africa
[edit]Africa: Central
[edit]Angola
- Malenge a Ngonga, King (1792–c.1810)
- Kitumba kya Ngonga, King (c.1810–1820)
- Kansanje kya Kambolo, King (c.1820s)
- Kihengo kya Kambolo, King (early 1830s)
- Kamasa ka Kiwende, King (mid 1830s)
- Mbumba a Kinguri, King (c.1840–1850)
- Kalunga ka Kisanga, King (1850)
- Henrique II, King (1794–1803)
- Garcia V, King (1803–1830)
- André II, King (1830–1842)
- Henrique III, King (1842–1857)
- unknown son of Ana III, King (1810–?)
- Colony, 1575–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Cameroon
- Achirimbi I, King (1799–1852)
- Mbouombouo, Mfon (1757–1814)
- Ngbetnkom, Mfon (1814–1817)
- Mbeikuo, Mfon (1817–1818)
- Ngouhouo, Mfon (1818–1865)
- Kwa a Kuo, ruler (18th–early 19th century)
- Bele a Doo, King (early 19th century)
- Ewonde a Kwane, Chief (early 19th century)
- Ngando a Kwa, King (c.1814–1846)
- Doo a Priso, Chief (19th century)
- Mbape a Bele, Chief (19th century)
- Kamerun (complete list) –
- German colony, 1884–1916
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
Central African Republic
Chad
- ‘Abd ar-Rahman Gawrang, Mbangi (1785–1806)
- Malam Ngarmaba Bira, Mbangi (1806)
- ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1806–1807)
- Malam Ngarmaba Bira, Mbangi (1807)
- ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1807)
- Muhammad III, Mbangi (1807)
- ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1807–1846)
- ‘Abdul Qadir II al-Mahdi, Mbangi (1846–1858)
- Muhammad Salih Derret ibn Jawda, Kolak (1795–1803)
- Abd al-Karim Sabun, Kolak (1803–1813)
- Muhammad Busata ibn ‘Abd al-Karim, Kolak (1813–1813)
- Yusuf Kharifayn ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir, Kolak (1813–1829)
- Raqib ibn Yusuf ‘Abd al-Qadir, Kolak (1829–1829)
- Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Dhawiyi ibn Radama (1829–1835)
- Adham ibn Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Kolak (1835–1835)
- ‘Izz ad-Din Muhammad al-Sharif ibn Salih Derret, Kolak (1835–1858)
Congo: Belgian; today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Kata Mbula, Nyim (1776–1810)
- Mikope Mbula, Nyim (1810–1840)
- Bope Mobinji, Nyim (1840–1885)
- Ilunga Sungu, muLopwe (1780–1809)
- Kasongo Mukaya, muLopwe in rebellion (c.1800–?)
- Kumwimba Ngombe, muLopwe (1809–1837)
- Ndaye Muzinga, usurper muLopwe (1837–1837)
- Ilunga Kabale, muLopwe (1837–1864)
- Nawej II Ditend, Mwaant Yaav (c.1800–1852)
Congo: French; today, the Republic of the Congo
- N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma Nombo, King (early 19th century)
- N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma N'Sangou, King (1840-c.1883)
Equatorial Guinea
- Colony, 1778–1968
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Gabon
- Rénwombi "Mpolo", Agamwinboni (1790–1810)
- Ogul'Issogwe Rogombe, Agamwinboni (1810–1840)
- Ombango Rogombe "Ikinda" / King Pascal, Agamwinboni (1840–1862)
São Tomé and Príncipe
- Colony, 1470–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Africa: East
[edit]Great Lakes area
- Burundi
- Kenya
- Independence disputed with Oman
- Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1782–1811)
- ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1811–1823)
- Omani Suzerainty
- Sulayman ibn ‘Ali al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1823–1826)
- Nabahani dynasty
- Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, Mfalume (1779–1809)
- Ahmad ibn Shaykh, Mfalume (1809–1813)
- Fumo Luti Kipunga ibn Fumo Madi, Mfalume (1813–1818)
- Fumo Luti ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1818–?)
- Bwana Shaykh ibn Fumo Madi, Mfalume (?–1823, ?)
- Bwana Waziri ibn Bwana Tamu, Mfalume (1823–?, ?–1830)
- Fumo Bakari ibn Shaykh, Mfalume (1830–1840)
- Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Mfalume (1840–1856)
- Rwanda
- Yuhi IV Gahindiro, King (1746–1802)
- Mutara II Rwogera, King (1802–1853)
- South Sudan
- Nyokwejø, Rädh (c.1780–1820)
- Tanzania
- Ifundikila, King (1840–1858)
- Uganda
- Ankole (complete list) –
- Rwebishengye, Omugabe (?–1811)
- Kayungu, Omugabe (1811–?)
- Gasyonga I, Omugabe (?–1839)
- Mutambuka, Omugabe (1839–1873)
- Buganda (complete list) –
- Semakookiro, Kabaka (c.1797-c.1814)
- Kamaanya, Kabaka (1814–1832)
- Suuna II, Kabaka (1832–1856)
- Bunyoro (complete list) –
- Nyamutukura Kyebambe III, Omukama (1786–1835)
- Nyabongo II, Omukama (1835–1848)
- Olimi V, Omukama (1848–1852)
Horn of Africa area
- Djibouti
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Demetros, Emperor (1800–1801)
- Egwale Seyon, Emperor (1801–1818)
- Iyoas II, Emperor (1818–1821)
- Gigar, Emperor (1821–1826)
- Baeda Maryam III, Emperor (1826)
- Gigar, Emperor (1826–1830)
- Iyasu IV, Emperor (1830–1832)
- Gebre Krestos, Emperor (1832)
- Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1832)
- Gebre Krestos, Emperor (1832)
- Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1832–1840)
- Yohannes III, Emperor (1840–1841)
- Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1841–1845)
- Yohannes III, Emperor (1845)
- Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1845–1850)
- Yohannes III, Emperor (1850–1851)
- Aydahis ibn Kadhafo Mahammad, Sultan (1779–1801)
- Aydahis ibn Mahammad ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1801–1832)
- Hanfere ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1832–1862)
- Tulu Ganje, Moti (?–c.1840)
- Abba Baso, Moti (c.1840)
- Abba Rago I, Moti (c.1845–c.1860)
- Mijyu, Moti (?–c.1820)
- Abba Manno, Moti (c.1820–c.1840)
- Abba Bagibo, Moti (early 19th century)
- Abba Rebo, Moti (?–1856)
- Adam, Moti, Founder (late 18th century)
- Oncho, Moti (c.1810)
- Jawe, Moti (c.1840–1854)
- Ahmad II ibn Muhammad, Emīr (1794–1821)
- `Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad, Emīr (1821–1825)
- `Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad, Emīr (1825–1834)
- Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan, Emīr (1834–1852)
- Abba Magal, Moti (c.1800)
- Abba Rago, Moti (early 19th century)
- Abba Jifar I, Moti (c.1830–c.1855)
- Hoti Gaocho or Beshi Sheroch, King (1798–1821)
- Gaha Nechocho or Gali Sheroch, King (1821–1845)
- Gawi Nechocho or Haji Ginoch, King (1845–1854)
- Bekere Godana, Moti (1841–1868)[6]
- Bofo, Abba Gomoli I, Supera (1800–1825)
- Ibsa, Abba Bagibo, Supera (1825–1861)
- Welayta: Tigre dynasty (complete list)[7] –
- Amado, Kawa (1800–1835)
- Damota, Kawa (1835–1845)
- Gobe, Kawa (1845–1886)
- Somalia (including Somaliland)
- Mahamud Ibrahim, Sultan (mid-18th century–1828)[8]
- Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Sultan (1828–1848[8][9]
- Ahmed Yusuf, Sultan (1848–1878)[8]
- Suldaan Maxamuud "Xawaadane" Suldaan Yuusuf Suldaan Cali, King (?–1815)
- Suldaan Cismaan "Bah-Dir" Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Yuusuf, King (1815–1842)
- Suldaan Yuusuf "Bah-Yaaquub" Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Yuusuf, King (1842–1844)
- Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Maxamuud, King (1844–1860)
- Guled Abdi, Sultan (~1750s-1808)
- Farah Guled, Sultan (1808-1845)
- Hassan Farah, Sultan (1845-1870)
- Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Indian Ocean
- Comoros
- Ramanetaka, Sultan (1830–1842)
- Ravao, Tsivandini, Regent (1842–1849)
- Djoumbé Fatima, Queen/Sultan (1842–1865, 1874–1878)
- Alawi bin Husain, Sultan (1796–1816)
- Abdallah bin Alawi, Sultan (1816–1832, 1833–1836)
- Ali bin Salim, Sultan (1832–1833)
- Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah, Sultan (1836–1837)
- Salim bin Alawi, Sultan (1837–1852)
- Madagascar
- Ravahiny, Queen (c.1778–1808)
- Tsimalomo, King (1808–c.1822)
- Maka (Andrianaresy), (pretender) King (1808)
- Andriantsoly, King (1822–1832)
- Oantitsy, Regent (f) (1828–1829)
- Oantitsy, Queen (1832–1836)
- Tsiomeko, Queen (1836–1840)
- Monarchs (complete list) –
- Andrianampoinimerina, King (1787–1810)
- Radama I, King (1810–1828)
- Ranavalona I, Queen (1828–1861)
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Andriamihaja, Prime minister (1828–1833)
- Rainiharo, Prime minister (1833–1852)
- Mauritius
- French colony, 1715–1810
- For details see France under western Europe
- Colony, 1810–1968
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Seychelles
- Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Africa: Northcentral
[edit]Libya
- Yusuf Karamanli, Pasha (1795–1832)
- Ali II Karamanli, Pasha (1832–1835)
Tunisia
- Beys (complete list) –
- Hammuda ibn Ali, Bey (1782–1814)
- Uthman ibn Ali, Bey (1814)
- Mahmud ibn Muhammad, Bey (1814–1824)
- Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud, Bey (1824–1835)
- Mustafa ibn Mahmud, Bey (1835–1837)
- Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey (1837–1855)
- Grand viziers (complete list) –
- Yusuf Sahib al-Tabi, Grand vizier (1815–1822)
- Husain Khoja, Grand vizier (1822–1829)
- Rashid al-Shakir Sahib al-Taba'a, Grand vizier (1829–1837)
- Mustapha Khaznadar, Grand vizier (1837–1873)
Africa: Northeast
[edit]Egypt
- Muhammad Ali, Khedive (1805–1848)
- Ibrahim Pasha, Khedive (1848)
- Abbas Helmi I, Khedive (1848–1854)
Sudan
- Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1785/6–c.1801)
- Muhammad al-Fadl, Sultan (c.1801–1838)
- Muhammad al-Husayn, Sultan (1838–1873)
- Hamaj Regency of the Funj Sultanate
- Sultans (complete list) –
- Regents (complete list) –
- Idris wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1798–1804)
- Adlan wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1804–1805)
- Taqali (complete list) –
- Abakr I, Mukūk (1800–1820)
- Umar II, Mukūk (1800–1835)
- Ahmad, Mukūk (1835–1840)
- Maryud, Mukūk (1840–1843)
- Nasir, Mukūk (1843–c.1860)
Africa: Northwest
[edit]Algeria
- Vassal state, 1515–1830
- For details see the Ottoman Empire under west Asia
- French Départements, 1830–1962
- For details see France under western Europe
Morocco and Western Sahara
- Slimane, Sultan (1792–1822)
- Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1822–1859)
Africa: South
[edit]Botswana
Eswatini/ Swaziland
- Kings (complete list) –
- Ndvungunye, King (1780–1815)
- Sobhuza I, King (1815–1839)
- Mswati II, King (1840–1868)
- tiNdlovukati (complete list) –
- Lomvula Mndzebele, Ndlovukati (1780–1815), Queen Regent (1815)
- Lojiba Simelane, Ndlovukati (1815–1840), Queen Regent (1836–1840)
- Tsandzile Ndwandwe, Ndlovukati (1840–1875), Queen Regent (1868–1875)
Lesotho
- Moshoeshoe I, King or Paramount Chief (1822–1870)
Malawi
Mozambique
- Hasani Usufu, Sultan (1849–1861)
- Soshangane, ruler (1825–1858)
- Colony, 1498–1972
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Namibia
- Gciriku (complete list) –
- Shimwemwe (1785–1805)
South Africa
- Andries Waterboer, Kaptijn (1820–1852)
- Jobe kaKhayi, Chief (?–1806)
- Dingiswayo, Chief (1806–1817)
- Senzangakhona kaJama, King (1781–1816)
- British colony, 1795–1910
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British colony, 1843–1910
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Zambia
- Mwananyanda Liwale, Mbumu wa Litunga (?–1812)
- Mulambwa Santulu, Mbumu wa Litunga (1812–1830)
- Silumelume, Mbumu wa Litunga (1830)
- Mubukwanu, Mbumu wa Litunga (1830–1838)
- Imasiku, Mbumu wa Litunga (1838)
- Sebetwane, Morêna (1838–1851)
- Kazembe –
- Lukwesa Ilunga, Mwata (1760–1805)
- Kanyembo Keleka Mayi, Mwata (1805–1850)
- Kapumba Mwongo Mfwama, Mwata (1850–1854)
- Ngoni (complete list) –
- Zwangendaba, Paramount Chief (1815–1848)
- Mpezeni I, Paramount Chief (1848–1900)
Zimbabwe
- Mzilikazi (1820–1868)
- Changamire Dhafa, King (c.1790–1824)
- Changamire Baswi, King (c.1825)
- Changamire Chirisamuru II, King (c.1828–1831)
- Changamire Tohwechipi Zharare, King (1831–1866)[12]
Africa: West
[edit]Benin
- Komlagan, King (1812–1821)
- Katraya, King (1821–1833)
- Agunu, King (1833–1834)
- Toji, King (1834–1844)
- Kponton I avumbe, King (1844–1846)
- Hanto Tona, King (1846–1858)
- Akengbuda, Oba (1750–1804)[13]
- Obanosa, Oba (1804–1816)
- Ogbebo, Oba (1816)
- Osemwende, Oba (1816–1848)
- Adolo, Oba (1848–1897)
- See also Ovonramwen
- Hogbonu (complete list) –
- Huffon, Ahosu (1794–1807)
- Ajohan, Ahosu (1807–1816)
- Toyi, Ahosu (1816–1818)
- Hueze, Ahosu (1818–1828)
- Toyon, Ahosu (1828–1836)
- Meyi, Ahosu (1836–1848)
- Sodji, Ahosu (1848–1864)
- Ajibolu, Oba of Ketu (1795–1816)
Burkina Faso
- Mossi Kingdom of Bilanga (complete list) –
- Buricimba dynasty
- Tontuoriba, Bilanbedo (?)
- Lisongi, Bilanbedo (?)
- Baahamma, Bilanbedo (?)
- Mossi Kingdom of Con (complete list) –
- Gmarba, ruler (c.19th century)
- Wori, ruler (c.19th century)
- Gamambu, ruler (c.19th century)
- Pangangri, ruler (c.19th century)
- Mabungu, ruler (c.19th century)
- Bandigoo, ruler (19th century)
- Mossi Kingdom of Gwiriko (complete list) –
- Magan Wule Wattara, ruler (1749–1809)
- Dramani, ruler (1809–1809)
- Dyori Wattara, ruler (1809–1839)
- Bako Moru Wattara, ruler (1839–1851)
- Mossi Kingdom of Liptako (complete list) –
- Brahima bi Saydu, Ja-oro (1758–1810)
- Brahima bi Saydu, Almami (1810–1817)
- Salifu bi Hama, Almami (1817–1832)
- Brahima Sori bi Hama, Almami (1832–1861)
- Mossi Kingdom of Macakoali (complete list) –
- Yembuaro, Boopo (19th century)
- Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –
- Baahamma, Nunbado (1791–1822)
- Yenhamma, Nunbado (1822–1831)
- Yencirima, Nunbado (1831–1843)
- Yencabri, Nunbado (1843–1846)
- Yempabu, Nunbado (1846–1856)
- Mossi Kingdom of Piéla (complete list) –
- Baahamma, Pielabedo (19th century)
- Yembuado, Pielabedo (19th century)
- Yentema, Pielabedo (19th century)
- Yentagima, Pielabedo (19th century–1836)
- Yembrima, Pielabedo (1836–1844)
- Yenkpaari, Pielabedo (1844–1851)
- Naaba Dulugu, Moogo-naaba (1783–1802)
- Naaba Sawadogo, Moogo-naaba (1802–1834)
- Naaba Karfo, Moogo-naaba (1834–1842)
- Naaba Baongo I, Moogo-naaba (1842–1850)
- Naaba Kutu I, Moogo-naaba (1850–1871)
- Mossi Kingdom of Yatenga (complete list) –
- Rima Naaba Saaga, Yatenga naaba (1787–1803)
- Rima Naaba Kaongo, Yatenga naaba (1803–1806)
- Rima Naaba Tuguri, Yatenga naaba (1806–1822)
- Naaba Koom I, Yatenga naaba (1822–1825)
- Naaba Korogo, Yatenga naaba (1825–1825)
- Naaba Ragongo, Yatenga naaba (1825–1831)
- Naaba Wobgo II, Yatenga naaba (1831–1831)
- Naaba Nyambe Moogo, Yatenga naaba (1831–1834)
- Rima Naaba Totebaldbo, Yatenga naaba (1834–1850)
- Rima Naaba Yemde, Yatenga naaba (1850–1877)
Cape Verde
- Colony, 1462–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Gambia
- British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Kombo (complete list) –
- Suling Jatta, King (pre-1840–1855)[19]
- Suling Jatta, King (1840–1855)
Ghana
- Osei Kwame Panyin, Asantehene (1777–1803)
- Opoku Fofie, Asantehene (1803–1804)
- Osei Bonsu, Asantehene (1804–1824)
- Osei Yaw Akoto, Asantehene (1824–1834)
- Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
- British colony, 1821–1957
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
- Colony, 1474–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Ivory Coast
- Gyaaman (complete list) –
- Biri Kofi Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1790–1810)
- Kwadwo Adinkra Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1810–1820)
- Fofie, Gyaamanhene (1820–1830)
- Kwasi Yeboa, Gyaamanhene (1830–1850)
- Kwadwo Agyeman, Gyaamanhene (1850–1895)
Liberia
- James Hall, Governor (1834–1836)
- Oliver Holmes, Jr., Governor (1836)
- Three-member Committee (1836)
- John Brown Russwurm, Governor (1836–1851)
- Colony of Liberia (1821–1847)
- Liberia (complete list) –
- Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President (1848–1856)
Mali
- Mansong Diarra, Faama (1795–1808)
- Da Monzon Diarra, Faama (1808–?)
- El Hadj Umar Tall, ruler (1850–1864)
- Mansa Douala, Faama (?–1876)
- Tieba Traoré, Faama (1876–1893)
- Babemba Traoré, Faama (1893–1898)
- Seku Amadu, Almami (c.1818–1845)
- Amadu II of Masina, Almami (1845–1852)
Mauritania
Niger
- Ahmadou dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1799–1812)
- Sulayman, Sultan (1812–1822)
- Ibrahim, Sultan (1843–1851)
- Fodi Maÿroumfa, Askiya (1798–1805)[20]
- Tomo, Askiya (1805–1823)
- Bassarou Missi Izé, Askiya (1823–1842)
- Boumi, Askiya (1842–1845)
- Koïzé Babba, Askiya (1845–1864)
- Zarmakoy Gounabi, King (?)
- Zarmakoy Amirou, King (?)
Nigeria
- Modibo Adama, Baban-Lamido (1809–1847)
- Hamidu bi Adama, Regent (1847–?)
- Muhammadu Lawal, Baban-Lamido (1847–1872)
- Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho, King (1786–1805)
- Ekpenyong Effiom Okoho Eyamba III, King (1805–1814)
- Effiom Edem Ekpo Effiom I Eyamba IV, King (1814–1834)
- Edem Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho Eyamba V, King (1834–1847)
- Effiom Okoho Asibong I Ekpo Minika, King (1849–1852)
- Okoro Idozuka, leader (early 19th-century)
- Opubo Annie Pepple the Great, King (1792–1828)
- Adumtaye-Bereibibo Adapa Bristol-Alagbariya, King (1828–1830)
- William Dappa Pepple I, King (1830–1854, 1861–1866)
- Sayfawa dynasty[22]
- Ahmad, Mai (1792–1808)
- Dunama IX Lefiami, Mai (1808–1816)
- Muhammad VIII, Mai (1816–1820)
- Ibrahim IV of Bornu, Mai (1820–1846)
- Ali V Dalatumi, Mai (1846)
- House of Kanemi
- Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, Shehu (1809–1837)
- Umar, Shehu (1837–1853, 1854–1881)
- Egba Ake –
- Shodeke, ruler (1829–1845)
- Shomoye, Regent (1845–1846, 1862–1868)
- Okukenu, Regent (1846–1854), Alake (1854–1862)
- Muhammad al-Walid, Sultan (1781–1805)
- Emirs (complete list) –
- Suleimanu dan AbaHama, Emir (1805–1819)
- Ibrahim Dabo dan Mahmudu, Emir (1819–1846)
- Usman I Maje Ringim dan Dabo, Emir (1846–1855)
- Grand Viziers
- Muhammadu Bakatsine, Grand Vizier (1807–?)
- Gobir –
- Yakubu, Sultan (1795–1801)
- Muhamman Bunu Nafata, Sultan (1801–1803)
- Yunfa, Sultan (1803–1808)
- Abdusalami dan Salih Alimi, Emir (1824–1842)
- Shita dan Salih Alimi, Emir (1842–1860)
- Lagos (complete list) –
- Ologun Kutere, Oba (1780–1801)[23] or until 1803[24]
- Adele Ajosun, Oba (1811–1821, 1835–1837)[25]
- Oṣinlokun Ajan(Oshinlokun, Eshinlokun) (1821–1829)[23][24]
- Idewu Ojulari, Oba (1829–1832)[26] or until 1835[23]
- Oluwole, Oba (1837–1841)[26][24][27]
- Akitoye, Oba (1841–1845, 1851–1853)[26][27][28]
- Kosoko, Oba (1845–1851)[26][23][28]
- Kuko Mingi IV, King (1800–1832)
- Amain Mingi V, King (1832–1846)
- Kuki, King (1846)
- Kien Mingi VI, King (1846–1863)
- Ezimilo, Eze Nri (1795–1886)
- Majotu, Alaafin (1802–1830)
- Amodo, Alaafin (1830–1833)
- Oluewu, Alaafin (1833–1835)
- Atiba Atobatele, Alaafin (1837–1859)
- Sultans (complete list) –
- Grand viziers (complete list) –
- Muhammadu Makau, Emir (1804–1825)
- Jatau "Abu Ja", Emir (1825–1851)
- Muhammadu Dan Ayi dan Ahmadu Jerabana Albishir, Emir (1799–1829)
- Ibrahimu dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1829–1835)
- Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1835–1844)
- Abu Bakr Jatau dan Mustafa Gazari, Emir (1844–1848)
- Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1848–1849)
- Ya`quba dan Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki, Emir (1849–1850)
- Sulaymanu Dan Addo dan Ibrahimu, Emir (1850–1871)
- British colony, 1821–1957
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Senegal
- Cayor (complete list) –
- Amari Ngone Ndèla Kumba Fal, Damel (1790–1809)
- Biram Fatma Cub Fal, Damel (1809–1832)
- Maysa Tènde Jor Samba Fal, Damel (1832–1855)
- Abdelkedir, Almaami (1776–1804)
- unknown Almaami (1804–1859)
- Mba Buri-Nyabu, Buur-ba (1800–1818)
- Birayamb Kumba-Gey, Buur-ba (1818–1838)
- al-Buri Tam, Buur-ba (1838–1845)
- Baka Kodu, Buur-ba (1845–1847)
- Birayamb Aram, Buur-ba (1847–1849)
- Birayma-Penda, Buur-ba (1849)
- Mbanyi-Paate, Buur-ba (1849)
- Lat-Koddu, Buur-ba (1849)
- Birayamb Ma-Dyigen, Buur-ba (1850–1855)
- Saloum (complete list) –
- Balleh N'Gougou N'Dao (or Ballé Khordia Ndao), Maad Saloum (1825–1853)[29]
- Gejopal Mane Niane Joof, Maad a Sinig (?–1825)[30]
- Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof, Maad a Sinig (1825–1853)
- Waalo (complete list) –
- Njak Kumba Xuri Yay Mboj, King (1795–1805)
- Saayodo Yaasin Mboj, King (1805–1810)
- Kuli Mbaaba Mboj, King (1810–1816)
- Amar Faatim Mborso Mboj, King (1816–1825)
- Yerim Mbañik Teg-Rella Mboj, King (1825–1827)
- Fara Penda Adam Sal Mboj, King (1827–1830)
- Xerfi Xari Daaro, King (1830–1832)
- Fara Penda Adam Sal Mboj, King (1832–1833)
- Xerfi Xari Daaro, King (1833–1835)
- Fara Penda Adam Sal Mboj, King (1835–1840)
- Mö Mboj Maalik Mboj, King (1840–1855)[31]
Sierra Leone
- Farima IV, Bai (1793–1807)
- Foki, Bai (1807–1817)
- Moriba Kindo Bangura, Bai (1817–1825)
- Kunia Banna, Bai (1825–1826)
- Fatima Brima Kama, Bai-Queen (1826–1840)
- Moribu Kindo, Bai (1840–1859)
- Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, British colony (complete list) –
- British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Togo
Americas
[edit]Americas: Caribbean
[edit]Antigua
- British colony, 1632–1981
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
The Bahamas
- British colony, 1648–1973
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Barbados
- British colony, 1625–1966
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Cuba
- Spanish Colony, 1607–1898
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Dominica
- British Colony, 1763–1978
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- British Colony, 1763–1979
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Dominican Republic
- Tomás Bobadilla, Manuel Jimenes, Carlos Moreno, Mariano Echavarria, Jose Maria Caminero, Francisco del Rosario Sanchez, Matias Ramon Mella, Manuel Maria Valverde, Francisco Xavier Abreu, Felix Mercenario, Silvano Pujol, Juan Pablo Duarte, Central Government Board (1844)
- Pedro Santana, President (1844–1848)
- Félix Mercenario, Domingo de la Rocha, José María Caminero, Manuel Jimenes, Council of Secretaries of State (1848)
- Manuel Jimenes, President (1848–1849)
- Buenaventura Báez, President (1849–1853)
Haiti
- French Colony, 1625–1804
- For details see France in western Europe
- Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Emperor (1804–1806)
- Henri Christophe, President (1806–1811), King (1811–1820)
- Henri Christophe, President (1806–1811), King (1811–1820)
- Bruno Blanchet, Acting President (1807)
- Alexandre Pétion, President (1807–1818)
- Jean-Pierre Boyer, President (1818–1843)
- Jean-Pierre Boyer, President (1818–1843)
- Charles Rivière-Hérard, President (1843–1844)
- Philippe Guerrier, President (1844–1845)
- Jean-Louis Pierrot, President (1845–1846)
- Jean-Baptiste Riché, President (1846–1847)
- Faustin Soulouque, President (1847–1849), Emperor (1849–1859)
Netherlands
- Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
- For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Saint Lucia
- French colony, 1762–1802
- For details see France in western Europe
- British colony, 1802–1979
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Trinidad and Tobago
- British colony, 1797–1962
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Americas: Central
[edit]Belize
- British colony, 1749–1862
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Costa Rica
- Juan Mora Fernández, Head of State (1825–1833)
- José Rafael Gallegos, Head of State (1833–1835)
- Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1835–1837)
- Juan Mora Fernández, Head of State (1837)
- Manuel Aguilar Chacón, Head of State (1837–1838)
- Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1838–1842)
- Francisco Morazán, Head of State (1842)
- António Pinto Soares, Head of State (1842)
- José María Alfaro Zamora, Head of State (1842–1844)
- Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla, Head of State (1844)
- José Rafael Gallegos, Head of State (1845–1846)
- José María Alfaro Zamora, Head of State (1846–1847)
- José Castro Madriz, Head of State (1847–1848), President (1848–1849)
- José Castro Madriz, Head of State (1847–1848), President (1848–1849)
- Miguel Mora Porras, President (1849)
- Juan Mora Porras, President (1849–1859)
El Salvador
- Juan Lindo, Provisional President (1841–1842)
- José Escolástico Marín, Acting President (1842)
- Juan José Guzmán, President (1842–1844)
- Fermín Palacios, Acting President (1844)
- Francisco Malespín, President (1844–1845)
- Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, President (1845–1846)
- Fermín Palacios, Acting President (1846)
- Eugenio Aguilar, President (1846–1848)
- Tomás Medina, Acting President (1848)
- José Félix Quirós, Acting President (1848)
- Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1848–1850)
- Ramón Rodríguez, Acting President (1850)
- Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1850–1851)
Guatemala
- Spanish Colony, 1609–1821
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Gabino Gaínza, Chief Political Officer (1821–1822)
- Vicente Filisola, Chief Political Officer (1823)
- Pedro Molina Mazariegos, Antonio Rivera Cabezas, Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz, First Triumvirate (1823)
- José Santiago Milla Pineda Arriaga, Triumvir (1823–1824)
- Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz, Triumvir (1823–1824)
- Tomas O'Horan, Triumvir (1823–1825)
- José Cecilio del Valle, Triumvir (1824–1825)
- Manuel José Arce, Triumvir (1824)
- José Manuel de la Cerda y Aguilar, Triumvir (1824–1825)
- Manuel José Arce, President (1825–1829)
- Mariano Beltranena y Llano, Interim President (1829)
- José Francisco Barrundia, Interim President (1829–1830)
- Francisco Morazán, President (1830–1834, 1835–1839)
- José Gregorio Salazar, Interim President (1834–1835)
- Diego Vigil Cocaña, Interim President (1839–1840)
- Marcelo Molina, President (1838–1840)
- Fernando Antonio Davila, President (1848)
- José Velazco, President (1848)
- Rafael de la Torre, President (1848)
- Agustín Guzmán, President (1848)
- Fernando Antonio Martínez, President (1848)
- Republic of Guatemala (complete list) –
- Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1839–1842)
- José Venancio López Requena, Acting Head of State (1842)
- Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1842–1844)
- Rafael Carrera, Head of State (1844–1847)
- Rafael Carrera, President (1847–1848)
- Juan Antonio Martínez, Acting President (1848)
- José Bernardo Escobar, Acting President (1848–1849)
- Mariano Peredes, Acting President (1849–1851)
Honduras
- Juan Francisco de Molina, President (1839)
- Felipe Neri Medina, Acting President (1839)
- Juan José Alvarado, Acting President (1839)
- José María Guerrero, Acting President (1839)
- Mariano Garrigó, Acting President (1839)
- José María Bustillo, Acting President (1839)
- Council of Ministers, (1839)
- Francisco Zelaya y Ayes, Acting President (1839–1841)
- Francisco Ferrera, President (1841–1842)
- Council of Ministers, (1843)
- Francisco Ferrera, President (1843–1844)
- Council of Ministers, (1845)
- Coronado Chávez, President (1845–1847)
- Council of Ministers, (1847)
- Juan Lindo, President (1847–1852)
Nicaragua
- George II Frederic, King (1776–1801)
- George Frederic Augustus I, King (1801–1824)
- Robert Charles Frederic, King (1824–1842)
- George Augustus Frederic II, King (1842–1865)
- José Núñez, Supreme Director (1838–1839)
- Evaristo Rocha, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
- Patricio Rivas, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
- Joaquín del Cossío, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
- Hilario Ulloa, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
- Tomás Valladares, Acting Supreme Director (1839–1840)
- Patricio Rivas, Acting Supreme Director (1840–1841)
- Pablo Buitrago, Supreme Director (1841–1843)
- Juan de Dios Orozco, Acting Supreme Director (1843)
- Manuel Pérez, Supreme Director (1843–1844)
- Emiliano Madriz, Acting Supreme Director (1844–1845)
- Silvestre Selva, Acting Supreme Director, in dissidence (1844–1845)
- Manuel Antonio Blas Sáenz, Acting Supreme Director, in dissidence (1845)
- José León Sandoval, Supreme Director (1845–1847)
- Miguel Ramón Morales, Acting Supreme Director (1847)
- José María Guerrero de Arcos y Molina, Supreme Director (1847–1849)
- Toribio Terán, Acting Supreme Director (1849)
- Benito Rosales, Acting Supreme Director (1849)
- Norberto Ramírez Áreas, Supreme Director (1849–1851)
Americas: North
[edit]Canada
- British colony, 1610–1907
- British colony, 1791–1841
- British colony, 1791–1841
- British colony, 1841–1867
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Mexico
- Viceroyalty of New Spain (complete list) –
- Spanish Colony, 1521–1821
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- First Regency: Agustín de Iturbide, Juan O'Donojú, Antonio Pérez Martínez, Manuel de la Barcéna, José Isidro Yañez, Manuel Velázquez de León (1821–1822)
- Second Regency: Agustín de Iturbide, José Isidro Yañez, Miguel Valentín, Manuel de Heras, Nicolás Bravo (1822)
- Agustín I, Emperor (1822–1823)
- Nicolás Bravo, Guadalupe Victoria, Pedro Celestino Negrete, Mariano Michelena, Miguel Domínguez, Vicente Guerrero, Members (1823–1824)
- Guadalupe Victoria, President (1824–1829)
- Vicente Guerrero, President (1829)
- José María Bocanegra, President (1829)
- Pedro Vélez, President (1829)
- Anastasio Bustamante, President (1830–1832)
- Melchor Múzquiz, President (1832)
- Manuel Gómez Pedraza, President (1832–1833)
- Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
- Santa Anna, President (1833)
- Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
- Santa Anna, President (1833)
- Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
- Santa Anna, President (1833)
- Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833–1834)
- Santa Anna, President (1834–1835)
- Miguel Barragán, President (1835)
- Miguel Barragán, President (1835–1836)
- José Justo Corro, President (1836–1837)
- Anastasio Bustamante, President (1837–1839)
- Santa Anna, Interim President (1839)
- Nicolás Bravo, President (1839)
- Anastasio Bustamante, President (1839–1841)
- Francisco Javier Echeverría, President (1841)
- Santa Anna, Provisional President (1841–1842)
- Nicolás Bravo, President (1842–1843)
- Santa Anna, Provisional President (1843)
- Valentín Canalizo, President (1843–1844)
- Santa Anna, Provisional President (1844)
- José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1844)
- Valentín Canalizo, President (1844)
- José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1844–1845)
- Mariano Paredes, President (1845)
- Nicolás Bravo, President (1846)
- José Mariano Salas, President (1846)
- Santiago Méndez, President (1840–1841)
- Miguel Barbachano, President (1841–1842)
- Santiago Méndez, President (1842)
- Miguel Barbachano, President (1842–1843)
- Santiago Méndez, President (1843–1844)
- Miguel Barbachano, President (1844)
- José Tiburcio López Constante, President (1844–1846)
- Miguel Barbachano, President (1846–1847)
- Domingo Barret, President (1847)
- Santiago Méndez, President (1847)
- Miguel Barbachano, President (1847–1848)
- José Mariano Salas, President (1846)
- Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1846–1847)
- Santa Anna, Interim President (1847)
- Pedro María de Anaya, President (1847)
- Santa Anna, Interim President (1847)
- Manuel de la Peña y Peña, President (1847)
- Pedro María de Anaya, President (1847–1848)
- Manuel de la Peña y Peña, President (1848)
- José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1848–1851)
United States
- John Adams, President (1797–1801)
- Thomas Jefferson, President (1801–1809)
- James Madison, President (1809–1817)
- James Monroe, President (1817–1825)
- John Quincy Adams, President (1825–1829)
- Andrew Jackson, President (1829–1837)
- Martin Van Buren, President (1837–1841)
- William Henry Harrison, President (1841)
- John Tyler, President (1841–1845)
- James K. Polk, President (1845–1849)
- Zachary Taylor, President (1849–1850)
- Millard Fillmore, President (1850–1853)
- William B. Ide, Commander (1846)
- Little Turkey, First Beloved Man (1788–1794), Principal Chief (1794–1801)
- Black Fox, Principal Chief (1801–1811)
- Pathkiller, Principal Chief (1811–1828)
- Big Tiger, dissident Chief (1824–1828)
- Charles R. Hicks, Principal Chief (1827)
- William Hicks, Principal Chief (1827–1828)
- John Ross, Principal Chief (1828–1866)
- Luther Parker, Justice of the Peace (1832−1835)
- William Augustus Bowles, Director General (1799–1803)
- Jesús de Cárdenas, President (1840)
- David G. Burnet, interim President (1836)
- Sam Houston, President (1836−1838, 1841−1844)
- Mirabeau B. Lamar, President (1838–1841)
- Anson Jones, President (1844−1846)
- Fulwar Skipwith, Governor (1810)
Americas: South
[edit]Argentina
- Spanish Colony, 1776–1814
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Primera Junta (1810)
- Junta Grande (1810−1811)
- Feliciano Chiclana, Juan José Paso, Manuel de Sarratea, First Triumvirate (1811−1812), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, replacement for Paso (1812)
- Juan José Paso, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, Antonio Álvarez Jonte, Second Triumvirate (1812−1814)
- Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Supreme Director (1814–1815)[32]
- Carlos María de Alvear, Supreme Director (1815)[33]
- Juan José Viamonte, Supreme Director (1815)
- José de San Martín, Matías de Irigoyen, Manuel de Sarratea, Third Triumvirate (1815)
- José Rondeau, Supreme Director (1815)[34]
- Ignacio Álvarez Thomas, Acting Director (1815–1816)[35]
- Antonio González de Balcarce, Supreme Director (1816)[36]
- Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, Supreme Director (1816–1819)[37]
- José Rondeau, Supreme Director (1819–1820)[38]
- Juan Pedro Aguirre, Interim (1820)
- Bernardino Rivadavia, President (1826−1827)
- Vicente López y Planes, interim president (1827)[39]
- Manuel Dorrego, governor managing international relations (1827–1828)[40]
- Juan Lavalle, interim governor managing international relations (1828–1829)[41]
- Juan José Viamonte, governor managing international relations (1829)[42]
- Juan Manuel de Rosas, governor managing international relations (1829–1831)[43]
- Francisco Ramírez, Supreme Chief (1820–1821)
- Juan Manuel de Rosas, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1829–1832, 1835–1852)
- Juan Ramón Balcarce, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1832–1833)
- Juan José Viamonte, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1832–1833)
- Manuel Vicente Maza, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1834–1835)
Bolivia
- Republic of Bolivia (complete list) –
- Simón Bolívar, Liberator of Bolivia (1825)
- Antonio José de Sucre, Liberator of Bolivia (1825–1826), President (1826–1828)
- José María Pérez de Urdininea, President (1828)
- José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Acting President (1828)
- Pedro Blanco Soto, Provisional President (1828–1829)
- José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Acting President (1829)
- Andrés de Santa Cruz
- Provisional President (1829–1831), President (1831–1839)
- Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
- José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional Supreme Chief (1839), Provisional President (1839–1840), President (1840–1841)
- Sebastián Ágreda, Provisional Chief (1841)
- Mariano Calvo, Acting President (1841)
- José Ballivián, Provisional President (1841–1844), President (1844–1847)
- Eusebio Guilarte Vera, Interim President (1847–1848)
- José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional President (1848)
- Manuel Isidoro Belzu, Provisional President (1848–1850), President (1850–1855)
Brazil
- Portuguese colony, 1500/1534–1808
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Chile
- Spanish Colony, 1541–1818
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- First Government Junta
- Mateo de Toro y Zambrano, President (1810–1811)
- Juan Martínez de Rozas, Interim President (1811)
- Fernando Márquez de la Plata, President (1811)
- First National Congress
- Juan Antonio Ovalle, President (1811)
- Martín Calvo Encalada, President (1811), President of the Provisional Executive Authority (1811)
- Juan Enrique Rosales , President of the Executive Court (1811)
- Provisional Government Junta
- José Miguel Carrera, President (1811), of the Provisional Supreme Authority (1811–1812), (1812)
- José Santiago Portales , President (1812)
- Pedro José Prado Jaraquemada , President (1812)
- José Miguel Carrera, President (1812–1813)
- Juan José Carrera, President (1813)
- Superior Governmental Junta
- Francisco Antonio Pérez, President (1813)
- José Miguel Infante, President (1813–1814)
- Agustín Eyzaguirre, President (1814)
- Supreme Director of Chile
- Antonio José de Irisarri, Supreme Director (1814)
- Francisco de la Lastra, Supreme Director (1814)
- José Miguel Carrera, Supreme Director (1814)
- Spanish Colony, 1541–1818
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Bernardo O'Higgins, Supreme Director (1817–1823)
- Agustín Eyzaguirre, President of the Government Junta (1823)
- Ramón Freire, Interim Supreme Director (1823–1826)
- Conservative Republic of Chile (complete list) –
- Manuel Blanco Encalada, President (1826)
- Agustín Eyzaguirre, President (1827)
- Ramón Freire, President (1827)
- Francisco Antonio Pinto, President (1827–1829)
- José Tomás Ovalle, President (1829–1831)
- Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate, President (1831)
- José Joaquín Prieto, President (1831–1841)
- Manuel Bulnes, President (1841–1851)
Colombia
- Spanish Colony, 1717–1723, 1739–1810, 1815–1821
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Antonio José Amar y Borbón, President of the Supreme Governing Junta, viceregent of the King's Person (1810)
- José Miguel Pey, President of the Supreme Governing Junta, viceregent of the King's Person (1810-1811)
- Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (complete list) –
- Jorge Tadeo Lozano, President of Cundinamarca, viceregent of the King's Person (1811)
- Antonio Nariño, President of Cundinamarca, viceregent of the King's Person (1811-1812)
- Manuel Benito de Castro, President of Cundinamarca, viceregent of the King's Person (1812)
- Antonio Nariño, President of Cundinamarca, viceregent of the King's Person (1812-1813)
- Antonio Nariño, President of Cundinamarca (1813-1814)
- Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez del Casal, President of Cundinamarca (1814)
- José Miguel Pey, President of the Supreme Governing Junta (1810–1811)
- Simón Bolívar, President (1819–1830)
- Joaquín Mosquera, President (1830, 1831)
- Rafael Urdaneta, President (1830–1831)
- Francisco de Paula Santander, President (1832–1837)
- José Ignacio de Márquez, President (1837–1841)
- Pedro Alcántara Herrán, President (1841–1845)
- Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, President (1845–1849)
- José Hilario López, President (1849–1853)
Ecuador
- Republic of Ecuador (complete list) –
- Juan José Flores, Jéfe Supremo (1830), President (1830–1834)
- Vicente Rocafuerte, Jéfe Supremo of Guayas (1834–1835), Jéfe Supremo Chief of the State (1835), President (1835–1839)
- Juan José Flores, President (1839–1843), President (1843–1845)
- José Joaquín de Olmedo, Head of Provisional Government (1845)
- Vicente Ramón Roca, President (1845–1849)
- Manuel de Ascásubi, Interim President (1849–1850)
- Diego Noboa, Interim President (1850–1851), President (1851)
Guyana
- British colony, 1814–1966
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Paraguay
- Junta, President of the Superior Governing Junta (1811)
- Fulgencio Yegros, President of the Superior Governing Junta (1811–1813)
- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Consul (1813–1814)
- Fulgencio Yegros, Consul (1814)
- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Consul (1814)
- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Supreme Dictator (1814–1840)
- Manuel Antonio Ortiz, President of the Provisional Junta (1840–1841)
- Juan José Medina, President of the Provisional Junta (1841)
- Mariano Roque Alonzo, President of the Provisional Junta (1841)
- Carlos Antonio López, Consul (1841–1844)
- Mariano Roque Alonzo, Consul (1841–1844)
- Carlos Antonio López, President (1844–1862)
Peru
- Spanish Colony, 1542–1824
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- José de San Martín, Protector of Peru (1821–1822)
- Republic of Peru (complete list) –
- Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Interim caretaker (1822)
- José La Mar, President of the Government Junta (1822–1823)
- José Bernardo de Tagle, President of the Government Junta (1823)
- José de la Riva Agüero, President (1823)
- Antonio José de Sucre, President (1823)
- José Bernardo de Tagle, Supreme Delegate (1823–1824)
- Simón Bolívar, President (1824–1827)
- Andrés de Santa Cruz, President of the Government Council (1827)
- Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, Interim caretaker (1827)
- José de la Mar, President (1827–1829)
- Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, President (1829)
- Agustín Gamarra, President (1829–1833)
- Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Interim caretaker (1833)
- Luis José de Orbegoso, President (1833, 1834–1835, 1836)
- Pedro Pablo Bermúdez, Provisional Supreme Ruler (1833–1834)
- Felipe Santiago Salaverry, Supreme Legislator (1835–1836)
- Andrés de Santa Cruz, Supreme Protector (1836–1839)
- Republic of Peru (complete list) –
- Agustín Gamarra, President (1838–1841)
- Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1841–1842)
- Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, President (1842)
- Juan Francisco de Vidal, (1842–1843)
- Justo Figuerola, President (1843)
- Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, President (1843–1844)
- Domingo Nieto, President of the Government Junta – Grand Marshal of Peru (1843–1844)
- Ramón Castilla, President (1844)
- Domingo Elías, President (1844)
- Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1844)
- Justo Figuerola, President (1844)
- Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1844–1845)
- Ramón Castilla, President (1845–1851)
Suriname
- Dutch colony 1667–1954
- For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Uruguay
- José Gervasio Artigas, Protector (1815–1820)
- Oriental Republic of Uruguay (complete list) –
- Fructuoso Rivera, President (1830–1834)
- Carlos Anaya, Acting (1834–1835)
- Manuel Oribe, President (1835–1838)
- Gabriel Antonio Pereira, Acting (1838–1839)
- Fructuoso Rivera, President (1839–1843)
- Manuel Oribe, Disputed with Joaquín Suárez (1843–1851)
Venezuela
- First Republic of Venezuela –
- Francisco de Miranda, President (1811–1812)
- Second Republic of Venezuela –
- Simón Bolívar, President (1813–1814)
- Third Republic of Venezuela –
- Simón Bolívar, President (1817–1819)
- José Antonio Páez, President (1830–1835)
- Andrés Narvarte, Interim President (1835)
- José María Vargas, President (1835)
- José María Carreño, Interim President (1835)
- José María Vargas, President (1835–1836)
- Andrés Narvarte, President (1836–1837)
- José María Carreño, Interim President (1837)
- Carlos Soublette, President (1837–1839)
- José Antonio Páez, President (1839–1843)
- Carlos Soublette, President (1843–1847)
- José Tadeo Monagas, President (1847–1851)
Asia
[edit]Asia: Central
[edit]Kazakhstan
- Kenesary, Khan (1841–1847)
- Aishuaq, Khan (1797–1805)
- Shergazy, Khan (1805–1824)
- Bokei, Khan (1801–1815)
- Shygai, Khan (1815–1823)
- Zhangir, Khan (1823–1845)
- Uali, Khan (1781–1819)
- Gubaidolla, Khan (1819–1822)
Tibet
- Manchu overlordship, 1720–1912
- For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia
Uzbekistan
- Narbuta Bey, Khan (c.1764–1801)
- Alim, Khan (1800–1810)
- Muhammad Umar, Khan (1810–1822)
- Muhammad Ali, Khan (1822–1842)
- Shir Ali, Khan (1842–1845)
- Murad Beg, Khan (1845)
- Muhammad Khudayar, Khan (1845–1858)
- Abu al-Ghazi IV, Khan (1790–1802)
- Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib, Khan (1802–1804)
- Iltazar Inaq ibn Iwaz Inaq, Khan (1804–1806)
- Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I (1806–1825)
- Allah Quli Bahadur, Khan (1825–1842)
- Muhammad Rahim Quli, Khan (1842–1846)
- Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur, Khan (1846–1855)
- Shah Murad bin Daniyal Bey, Amir (1785–1800)
- Haydar Tora bin Shah Murad, Amir (1800–1826)
- Hussain bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1826–1827)
- Umar bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827)
- Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827–1860)
Asia: East
[edit]China
Japan
- Tokugawa shogunate of Japan
-
- Shōgun (complete list) –
- Tokugawa Ienari, Shōgun (1787–1837)
- Tokugawa Ieyoshi, Shōgun (1837–1853)
- Vassal state of Satsuma Domain, 1609–1872
Korea
- Joseon (complete list) –
Asia: Southeast
[edit]Brunei
- Muhammad Tajuddin, Sultan (1778–1804, 1804–1807)
- Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, Sultan (1804)
- Muhammad Kanzul Alam, Sultan (1807–1826)
- Muhammad Alam, Sultan (1826–1828)
- Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan (1828–1852)
Cambodia
- Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953
Indonesia
- Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949
- For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
- Indonesia: Java
- Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin I, Sultan (1777–1802)[44]
- Abdul Fath Muhammad Muhyuddin, Sultan (1802–1805)
- Abu Nazar Muhammad Isyak, Sultan (1805–1808)
- Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin II, Sultan (1808–1810)
- Muhammad Tsafiuddin, Sultan (1810–1811)
- Pangeran Ahmad, Regent (1811–1813)
- Muhammad Muhyuddin, Regent (1813–1816)
- Muhammad Rafiuddin, Sultan (1816–1832)
- Sepuh VII Joharuddin, Sultan (1791–1816)[45]
- Sepuh VIII Syamsuddin, Sultan (1816–1819)
- Anom VI Muhammad Kamaruddin, Sultan (1807–1819)[45]
- Cirebon IV, Sultan (1808–1810)[45]
- Sultanate of Cirebon: Panembahan line (complete list) –
- Cirebon IV, Sultan (1808–1810)[45]
- Cakraningrat VII, Sultan (1780–1815)[46]
- Cakraningrat VIII, Sultan (1815–1847)
- Cakraningrat IX, Sultan (1847–1862)
- Sumenep –
- Tirtanegara, Sultan (1767–1811)[47]
- Natadiningrat, Regent (1804–1810)
- Paku Nataningrat, Sultan (1811–1854)
- Aria Cakraadiningrat II, R. Alsana, Sultan (1800–1804)[48]
- Panembahan Mangku Adiningrat, Sultan (1804–1842)
- Pangeran Aria Suriokusumo, Sultan (1842–1853)
- Pakubuwono IV, Sultan (1788–1820)[citation needed]
- Pakubuwono V, Sultan (1820–1823)
- Pakubuwono VI, Sultan (1823–1830)
- Pakubuwono VII, Sultan (1830–1858)
- Hamengkubuwono II, Sultan (1792–1810, 1811–1812, 1826–1828)[citation needed]
- Hamengkubuwono III, Sultan (1810–1811, 1812–1814)
- Hamengkubuwono IV, Sultan (1814–1822)
- Hamengkubuwono V, Sultan (1822–1826, 1828–1855)
- Mangkunegara II, Sultan (1795–1835)[49]
- Mangkunegara III, Sultan (1835–1853)
- Mangkudiningrat, Sultan (1831)[50]
- Pangeran Adipati Natapraja, Sultan (1831–1853)
- Nangulan –
- Pangeran Prabu Adiningrat, Sultan (1831–1833)[50]
- Pakualam I, Sultan (1812–1829)[51]
- Pakualam II, Sultan (1829–1858)
- Indonesia: Sumatra
- Muning Alamsyah Sultan (?–1825)
- Tangkal Alam Bagagar Sultan (1825–1849)
- Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah, Sultan (1795–1815, 1819–1823)
- Syarif Saiful Alam Syah, Sultan (1815–1819)
- Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah I, Sultan (1823–1838)
- Alauddin Sulaiman Ali Iskandar Syah, Sultan (1838–1857)
- Mahmud Shah III, Sultan (1761–1812)
- Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1812–1819)
- Hussein Shah, Sultan (1819–1835)
- Ali, Sultan (1835–1855)
- Tuanku Panglima Gandar Wahid, Sultan (1761–1805)
- Amaluddin Mangendar, Sultan (1805–1850)
- Osman Perkasa Alam Shah, Sultan (1850–1858)
- Kejuruan Hitam (Tuah Hitam), Raja (1750–1818)
- Ahmad bin Raja Indra Bungsu, Raja (1818–1840)
- Haji Musa al-Khalid al-Mahadiah Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1840–1893)
- al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin Ba'alawi, Sultan (1784–1810)
- al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ibrahim Abdul Jalil Khaliluddin, Sultan (1810–1815)
- al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin, Sultan (1815–1854)
- Al-Marhum Kacapuri, Raja (1782–1822)
- Al-Marhum Besar, Sultan (1822–1851)
- Sultans –
- Mahmud Shah III, Sultan (1761–1812)
- Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1812–1832)
- Muhammad II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1832–1842)
- Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1842–1858)
- Ali, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1784–1805)
- Ja'afar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1805–1831)
- Abdul Rahman, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1831–1844)
- Ali bin Raja Jaafar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1844–1857)
- Jambi Sultanate –
- Ratu Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1790–1812)
- Agung Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1812–1833)
- Muhammad Fakhruddin, Sultan (1833–1841)
- Abdul Rahman Nazaruddin, Sultan (1841–1855)
- Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
- Tahmidullah II/Sultan Nata, Sultan (1761–1801)
- Sulaiman al-Mutamidullah, Sultan (1801–1825)
- Adam Al-Watsiq Billah, Sultan (1825–1857)
- Aji Muhammad, Sultan (1777–1817)
- Muhammad Alimuddin Amirul Muminin Kahharuddin I, Sultan (1817–1861, 1866–1873)
- Aji Muhammad Salehudin, Sultan (?–1844)
- Yan Sibo, President (1799–1804)
- Jiang Wubo, President (1804–1811)
- Song, President (1811–1823)
- Liu Taiji, President (1823–1838)
- Gu Liubo, President (1838–1842)
- Xie Guifang, President (1842–1843)
- Ye Tenghui, President (1843–1845)
- Liu Ganxing, President (1845–1848)
- Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie, Sultan (1771–1808)
- Syarif Kasim Alkadrie, Sultan (1808–1819)
- Syarif Osman Alkadrie, Sultan (1819–1855)
- Abu Bakar Taj ud-din I, Sultan (1793–1815)
- Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din I, Sultan (1815–1828)
- Usman Kamal ud-din, Sultan (1828–1832)
- Umar Akam ud-din III, Sultan (1832–1846)
- Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II, Sultan (1846–1854)
- Sri Paduka Muhammad Qamar ud-din ibni al-Marhum Sultan 'Abdu'l Rashid Muhammad Jamal ud-din, Sultan (1796–1851)
- Indonesia: Sulawesi
- I Manawari Karaeng Bontolangkasa, Sultan (1778–1810)
- I Mappatunru/I Mangikarang Karaeng Lembang Parang, Sultan (1816–1825)
- La Oddanriu Karaeng Katangka, Sultan (1825–1826)
- Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid, Sultan (1826–1893)
- Luwu –
- La Tenri Peppang, Datu (1778–1810)
- We Tenri Awaru, Datu (1810–1825)
- La Oddang Pero, Datu (1825–1854)
- Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
- Abdul Hamid Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1773–1817)
- Ismail Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1817–1854)
- Indonesia: West Timor
- Nai Taman, Raja (c.1832)
- Amarasi (complete list) –
- Don Rote Ruatefu, Raja (1774–1802)[citation needed]
- Kiri Lote, Raja (1803–pre-1832)
- Koroh Kefi, Raja (pre-1832–1853)
- Amabi (complete list) –
- Afu Balthazar, Raja (c.1797–pre-1824)
- Arnoldus Adriaan Karel Loti, Raja (pre-1824–1834)
- Osu II, Raja (1834–1859)
- Nai Sobe Sonbai II, Emperor (1808–1867))[52]
- Nube Bena/ Pieter Nisnoni I, Raja (1798–1820)[52]
- Isu Baki, Raja (1820s)
- Ote Nuben Nisnoni, Raja (post-1832)
- Babkas Nube Nisnoni/ Pieter Nisnoni II, Raja (?–1839)
- Meis Babkas Nisnoni, Raja (1839–1860)
- Tobani, Raja (1786–c.1807)
- Louis, Raja (c.1807–c.1824)
- Baki, Raja (c.1824–1862)
- Indonesia: Maluku Islands
- Dutch protectorate 1667–1942
- Kamarullah, Sultan (1797–1826)[53]
- Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabé, Sultan (1826–1861)
- British occupation 1799–1802
- Muhammad Arif Bila, Sultan (1797–1806)[54]
- Muhammad Asgar, Sultan (1808–1818)
- Muhammad Hajuddin Syah, Sultan (1818–1825)
- Dutch protectorate 1657–1905
- Nuku, Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah, Sultan (1797–1805)[55]
- Zainal Abidin, Sultan (1805–1810)
- Muhammad Tahir, Sultan (1811–1821)
- Al-Mansur Sirajuddin, Sultan (1822–1856)
- Dutch protectorate 1683–1915
- Muhammad Yasin, Sultan (1796–1801)[citation needed]
- Muhammad Ali, Sultan (1807–1821)
- Muhammad Sarmoli, Sultan (1821–1823)
- Muhammad Zain, Sultan (1823–1859)
Laos
- Intharavong, King (1795–1805)
- Anouvong, King (1804–1828)
- Vassal to Siam (1829–1893)
- Anourouth, King (1791–1817)
- Mantha Tourath, Regent (1815–1817), King (1817–1836)
- Unkeo, Regent (1837–1838)
- Soukhaseum, King (1838–1851)
- Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)
Malaysia
- Peninsular Malaysia
- Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II, Sultan, (1797–1803)
- Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II, Sultan, (1803–1821)
- Siamese invasion of Kedah, Sultan, (1821–1842)
- Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II, Sultan, (1842–1845)
- Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan, (1845–1854)
- Kelantan Sultanate: Patani dynasty (complete list) –
- Muhammad I, Sultan (1800–1835)
- Tengku Long Zainal Abidin, co-Sultan (1835–1836)
- Muhammad II, Sultan (1835–1886)
- Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty (complete list) –
- Ahmaddin Shah, Sultan (1786–1806)
- Abdul Malik Mansur Shah, Sultan (1806–1825)
- Abdullah Mu’azzam Shah, Sultan (1825–1830)
- Shahabuddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1830–1851)
- Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1793–1808)
- Ahmad Shah I, Sultan (1808–1830)
- Abdul Rahman, Sultan (1830–1831)
- Mansur Shah II, Sultan (1831–1837)
- Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1837–1839)
- Omar Riayat Shah, co-Sultan (1831), Sultan (1839–1876)
- Ibrahim Shah, Sultan (1778–1826)
- Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1826–1857)
- Hitam, Yamtuan (1795–1808)
- Lenggang, Yamtuan (1808–1824)
- Radin, Yamtuan (1824–1861)
- Perlis (complete list) –
- Syed Abu Bakar Harun Jamalullail, Penghulu (1797–1825)[56]
- Syed Hussein Jamalullail, Penghulu (1825–1843), Raja (1843–1873)
- British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946
- British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
- British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Malaysian Borneo
- James Brooke, Rajah (1842–1868)
- British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946
- British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Myanmar / Burma
- Bodawpaya, King (1782–1819)
- Bagyidaw, King (1819–1837)
- Tharrawaddy, King (1837–1846)
- Pagan, King (1846–1853)
- British colony, 1824–1948
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Philippines
- Sharap ud-Din, Sultan (1789–1808)
- Alim ud-Din III, Sultan (1808)
- Aliy ud-Din I, Sultan (1808–1821)
- Shakir ul-Lah, Sultan (1821–1823)
- Jamalul Kiram I, Sultan (1823–1844)
- Mohammad Pulalun Kiram, Sultan (1844–1862)
- Kibad Sahriyal, Sultan (c.1780–c.1805)
- Kawasa Anwar Ud-din, Sultan (c.1805–c.1830)
- Untong, Sultan (c.1830–c.1854)
- Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –
- Colony, 1565–1901
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
Singapore
- British colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1819–1867
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Thailand
- Kawila, Prince of Lampang (1774–1782), King of Chiang Mai (1802–1813)
- Thammalangka or Dharmalanka, Prince (1813–1822)
- Khamfan, Prince (1823–1825)
- Phutthawong or Buddhavansa, Prince (1826–1846)
- Mahotaraprathet, King (1847–1854)
- First Kelantanese dynasty
- Datuk Pengkalan, ruler (1791–1808)
- Second Kelantanese dynasty
- Phraya Long Muhammad Ibni Raja Muda Kelantan/Raja Kampong Laut Tuan Besar Long Ismail Ibni Raja Long Yunus, Sultan (1842–1856)
Timor
- Colony, 1702–1975
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Vietnam
- Champa (complete list) –
- Po Chong Chan, King (1799–1822)
- Việt Nam: Nguyễn dynasty (complete list) –
-
- French Colony, 1862–1949
- French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948
- French Protectorate, 1884–1949
- For details see France under western Europe
Asia: South
[edit]Afghanistan
- Zaman Shah Durrani, Emir (1793–1801)
- Mahmud Shah Durrani, Emir (1801–1803, 1809–1818)
- Shah Shujah Durrani, Emir (1803–1809, 1839–1842)
- Ali Shah Durrani, Emir (1818–1819)
- Ayub Shah Durrani, Emir (1819–1823)
- Dost Mohammad Khan, Emir (1826–1839, 1845–1863)
- Shah Shujah Durrani, Emir (1803–1809, 1839–1842)
- Akbar Khan, Emir (1842–1845)
Asia: West
[edit]Bahrain
- Sulman bin Ahmad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1796–1825)
- Abdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1796–1843)
- Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifa, Hakim (1825–1834)
- Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, Hakim (1834–1842)
- Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, Hakim (1843–1868)
Cyprus
Iran
- Fath-Ali, Shah (1797–1834)
- Mohammad, Shah (1834–1848)
- Naser al-Din, Shah (1848–1896)
- Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz, a.k.a. Muhammad Kor, Mir (1813–1838)[57][58][59]
- Bohtan –
- Bedir Khan Beg, Mir (1821–1847)[24]
Iraq
- Baban (complete list) –
- Ibrahim Pasha, Prince (1782–1803)
- Abdurrahman Pasha,, Prince (1803–1813)
- Mahmoud Pasha, Prince (1813–1834)
- Sulaiman Pasha, Prince (1834–1838)
- Ahmad Pasha, Prince (1838–1847)
- Abdollah Pasha, Prince (1847–1850)
Kuwait
- Abdullah I, Sheikh (1762–1814)
- Jaber I, Sheikh (1814–1859)
Oman
- Sultan bin Ahmad, Sultan (1792–1804)
- Salim bin Sultan, Sultan (1804–1806)
- Said bin Sultan, Sultan (1804–1856)
Qatar
- Qatar (complete list) –
- Mohammed bin Thani, Emir (1847–1876)
Saudi Arabia
- Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, Imam (1765–1803)
- Saud al-Kabeer, Imam (1803–1814)
- Abdullah bin Saud, Imam (1814–1818)
- Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad, Imam (1819–1820, 1824–1834)
- Mishari bin Abdul Rahman, Imam (1834–1834, usurper)
- Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, Imam (1834–1838, 1843–1865)
- Khalid bin Saud, Imam (1838–1841)
- Abdullah bin Thunayan, Imam (1841–1843)
- Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid, Emir (1836–1848)
- Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid, Emir (1848–1868)
- Mutaib bin Abdullah Al Rashid, Emir (1868–1869)
- Bandar bin Talal Al Rashid, Emir (1869)
- Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid, Emir (1869–1897)
- Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid, Emir (1897–1906)
Turkey
- Sultans –
- Selim III, Sultan (1789–1807)
- Mustafa IV, Sultan (1807–1808)
- Mahmud II, Sultan (1808–1839)
- Abdülmecid I, Sultan (1839–1861)
- Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1798–1805)
- Hafiz Ismail Pasha, Grand Vizier (1805–1806)
- Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1806–1807)
- Çelebi Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1807–1808)
- Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1808)
- Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1808–1809)
- Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1809–1811)
- Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1811–1812)
- Hurshid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1812–1815)
- Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1815–1818)
- Dervish Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1818–1820)
- Seyyid Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1820–1821)
- Benderli Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1821)
- Hacı Salih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1821–1822)
- Deli Abdullah Pasha, Grand Vizier (1822–1823)
- Silahdar Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1823)
- Mehmed Said Galip Pasha, Grand Vizier (1823–1824)
- Mehmed Selim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1824–1828)
- Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1828–1829)
- Reşid Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1829–1833)
- Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1833–1839)
- Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1839–1840)
- Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1840–1841)
- Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1841–1842)
- Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1842–1846)
- Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1846–1848)
- Ibrahim Sarim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1848)
- Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1848–1852)
United Arab Emirates: Trucial States
- Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan, ruler (1793–1816)
- Muhammad bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1816–1818)
- Tahnun bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1818–1833)
- Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1833–1845)
- Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan, ruler (1845–1855)
- Obeid bin Said bin Rashid, ruler (1833–1836)
- Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail, ruler (1833–1852)
- Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi, ruler (1747–1777)
- Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, ruler (1777–1803)
- Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1866)
- Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1816–1838)
- Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1838–1841)
- Abdelaziz bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1841–1848)
- Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1848–1864)
- Rashid bin Majid Al Mualla, ruler (1768–1820)
- Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1820–1853)
- Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, ruler (1777–1803)
- Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1809, 1820–1866)
- Hasan bin `Ali Al Anezi (1809–1814)
- Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi, ruler (1814–1820)
Yemen
- Daha, Amir (18th century)
- Yaslam ibn Daha, Amir (?)
- `Ali ibn Yaslam, Amir (?)
- Munassar, Sultan (18th century)
- Farid ibn Munassar, Sultan (?)
- Hussein, Amir (c.1800–1820)
- al Habieli, Amir (?)
- Thaifallah, Amir (?)
- Shafa`ul al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
- Ahmad ibn Shafa`ul al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
- al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
- `Abd al-Hadi ibn al-Hasan al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
- Musa`id ibn al-Hasan al-`Amiri, Emir (c.1839)
- Kathiri (complete list) –
- Muhsin ibn Ahmad al-Kathir, Sultan (1800–1830)
- Ghalib ibn Muhsin al-Kathir, Sultan (1830–1880)
- Ahmad I ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1791–1827)
- Muhsin ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1827–1839, 1839–1846, 1846–1847)
- Ahmad II ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1839–1839, 1847–1849)
- Sayyid Isma'il ibn al-Hasan al-Husayni, Sultan (1846)
- 'Ali I ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1849–1863)
- Sa`d ibn Taw`ari Ibn `Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (c.1800–1820)
- Sultan ibn `Amr (on Suqutra), Sultan (c.1834)
- Ahmad ibn Sultan (at Qishn), Sultan (c.1834)
- `Amr ibn Sa`d ibn Taw`ari Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1835–1845)
- Taw`ari ibn `Ali Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1845–mid-19th century)
- Wahidi Balhaf of Ba´l Haf (complete list) –
- Ahmad ibn al-Hadi al-Wahidi, Sultan (1771–1810)
- `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1810–1830)
- Split into four states
- Nasir ibn `Abd Allah, Sultan (c.1830)
- Ahmad ibn Nasir, Sultan (?)
- Muhsin ibn `Ali, Sultan (?)
- Wahidi Balhaf of `Azzan (complete list) –
- `Ali ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1830–?)
- Muhsin ibn `Ali al-Wahidi, Sultan (1850–1870)
- al-Husayn ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1830–1840)
- `Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1850–1870)
- Ali I ibn Ghalib al-Afifi, ruler (1800–1841)
- Ahmad ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1841–1873, 1891–1893)
- Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1800–1810)
- `Umar ibn Qahtan ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1810–1815)
- Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn Qahtan Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1815–1840)
- `Abd Allah ibn Nasir ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1840–1866)
- al-Mansur Ali I, Imam (1775–1809)
- al-Mutawakkil Ahmad, Imam (1809–1816)
- al-Mahdi Abdallah, Imam (1816–1835)
- al-Mansur Ali II, Imam (1835–1837, 1844–1845)
- an-Nasir Abdallah, Imam (1837–1840)
- al-Hadi Muhammad, Imam (1840–1844)
- al-Mutawakkil Muhammad, Imam (1845–1849)
Europe
[edit]Europe: Balkans
[edit]Croatia
- part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown
- Kings (complete list) –
- Francis, King (1792–1835)
- Ferdinand V, King (1835–1848)
- Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916)
- Bans (complete list) –
- John ErdődyIvan Erdődy, Ban (1790–1806)
- Ignác Gyulay, Ban (1806–1831)
- Franjo Vlašić, Ban (1832–1840)
- Juraj Haulik, Acting ban (1840–1842)
- Franz Haller, Ban (1842–1845)
- Juraj Haulik, Acting ban (1845–1848)
- Josip Jelačić, Ban (1848–1859)
- Frano Gozze, Rector (1801)
- Mato Ghetaldi, Martolica Cerva, Rector (1802)
- Vlaho Điva Bone, Rector (1803)
- Đivo Vlaha Bone, Miho Bona, Rector (1804)
- Mato Ghetaldi, Vlaho Điva Bone, Rector (1805)
- Đivo Pijerka Natali, Rector (1806)
- Sabo Giorgi, Rector (1808)
Greece
- Provisional Executive Commission (1800–1801)
- Alexandros Mavrokordatos, President of the Executive (1822–1823)
- Petrobey Mavromichalis, President of the Executive (1823)
- Georgios Kountouriotis, President of the Executive (1823–1826)
- Andreas Zaimis, President of the Governmental Commission (1826–1827)
- Ioannis Kapodistrias, Governor (1827–1831)
- Augustinos Kapodistrias, Governor (1831–1832)
- Governing Councils (1832–1833)
-
- Otto, King (1832–1862)
- Spyridon Trikoupis, Prime minister (1833)
- Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1833–1834)
- Ioannis Kolettis, Prime minister (1834–1835)
- Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Prime minister (1835–1837)
- Ignaz von Rudhart, Prime minister (1837)
- Otto of Greece, Prime minister (1837–1841)
- Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1841)
- Otto, Prime minister (1841–1843)
- Andreas Metaxas, Prime minister (1843–1844)
- Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime minister (1844)
- Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1844)
- Ioannis Kolettis, Prime minister (1844–1847)
- Kitsos Tzavelas, Prime minister (1847–1848)
- Georgios Kountouriotis, Prime minister (1848)
- Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime minister (1848–1849)
- Antonios Kriezis, Prime minister (1849–1854)
- Spyridon Georgios Theotokis, Prince (1800–1803)
- Antonios Komoutos , Prince (1803)
- British protectorate, 1815–1864
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Kosovo
Montenegro
Serbia
- Karađorđe, Grand Vožd (1804–1813)
- Miloš Obrenović, Grand Vožd (1815–1817), Prince (1817–1839)
- Monarchs (complete list) –
- Miloš Obrenović, Prince (1817–1839)
- Milan Obrenović II, Prince (1839)
- Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince (1839–1842)
- Alexander Karađorđević, Prince (1842–1858)
- Heads of government (complete list) –
- Petar Nikolajević Moler, Prime minister (1815–1816)
- Jevrem Obrenović, Prime minister (1821–1826)
- Miloje Todorović, Prime minister (1826)
- Dimitrije Davidović, Prime minister (1826–1829)
- Koča Marković, Prime minister (1835–1836)
- Stefan Stefanović Tenka, Prime minister (1836–1839)
- Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1839–1840)
- Paun Janković, Prime minister (1840)
- Đorđe Protić, Prime minister (1840–1842)
- Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1842–1843)
- Aleksa Simić, Prime minister (1843–1844)
- Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1844–1852)
Slovenia
- autonomous province of the First French Empire, 1809–1814
Europe: British Isles
[edit]-
- George III, King (1760–1820)
- George IV, Regent (1811–1820), King (1820–1830)
- William IV, King (1830–1837)
- Victoria, Queen (1837–1901)
- William Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1783–1801)
- Henry Addington, Prime minister (1801–1804)
- William Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1804–1806)
- William Grenville, Prime minister (1806–1807)
- William Cavendish-Bentinck, Prime minister (1807–1809)
- Spencer Perceval, Prime minister (1809–1812)
- Robert Jenkinson, Prime minister (1812–1827)
- George Canning, Prime minister (1827)
- F. J. Robinson, Prime minister (1827–1828)
- Arthur Wellesley, Prime minister (1828–1830)
- Charles Grey, Prime minister (1830–1834)
- William Lamb, Prime minister (1834)
- Arthur Wellesley, Prime minister (1834)
- Robert Peel, Prime minister (1834–1835)
- William Lamb, Prime minister (1835–1841)
- Robert Peel, Prime minister (1841–1846)
- John Russell, Prime minister (1846–1852)
Europe: Central
[edit]Germany/ Prussia
- Francis II, Emperor Elect, King (1792–1806)
German Empire
- Frederick William III, Elector (1797–1806), King (1797–1840)
- Frederick William IV, King (1840–1861)
- confederation of French client states in Germany
- Napoleon Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)
Austria-Hungary
-
- Francis II, Archduke (1792–1804), Emperor (1804–1835), King (1792–1835)
- Ferdinand I, Emperor and King (1835–1848)
- Franz Joseph I, Emperor and King (1848–1916)
- Heads of government (complete list) –
- Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Minister-President (1848)
- Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont, Acting Minister-President (1848)
- Franz von Pillersdorf, Acting Minister-President (1848)
- Anton von Doblhoff-Dier, Minister-President (1848)
- Johann von Wessenberg-Ampringen, Minister-President (1848)
- Felix of Schwarzenberg, Minister-President (1848–1852)
- Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles
- Francis II, (1792–1835)
- Ferdinand I, (1835–1848)
- Francis Joseph I, (1848–1916)
Bohemia
- Francis II, King (1792–1835)
- Ferdinand V, King (1835–1848)
- Francis Joseph, King (1848–1916)
Liechtenstein
- Aloys I, Prince (1781–1805)
- Johann I Josef, Prince (1805–1836)
- Aloys II, Prince (1836–1858)
- Johann II, Prince (1858–1929)
Poland
- client republic of France, 1807–1815
- Frederick Augustus I, Duke (1807–1815)
Switzerland
- Alois von Reding, First Landammann (1801–1802), Landammann (1802)
- Vinzenz Rüttimann, acting Landammann (1802)
- Johann Rudolf Dolder, Landammann (1802–1803)
- Aloys Reding von Biberegg, Landammann (1802)
- Louis d’Affry, Landammann (1803)
- Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, Landammann (1804)
- Peter Glutz-Ruchti, Landammann (1805)
- Andreas Merian, Landammann (1806)
- Hans von Reinhard, Landammann (1807)
- Vinzenz Rüttimann, Landammann (1808)
- Louis d’Affry, Landammann (1809)
- Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, Landammann (1810)
- Heinrich Daniel Balthasar Grimm von Wartenfels, Landammann (1811)
- Peter Burckhardt, Landammann (1812)
- Hans von Reinhard, Landammann (1813)
- Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1814)
- Hans Konrad von Escher vom Luchs, President of the Swiss Diet (1814)
- Johann Konrad Finsler, President of the Swiss Diet (1814)
- David von Wyss II, President of the Swiss Diet (1814–1815)
- Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1816)
- Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, President of the Swiss Diet (1817)
- Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen, President of the Swiss Diet (1818)
- Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1819)
- Vinzenz Rüttimann, President of the Swiss Diet (1820)
- David von Wyss II, President of the Swiss Diet (1821)
- Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1822)
- Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, President of the Swiss Diet (1823)
- Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen, President of the Swiss Diet (1824)
- Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1825)
- Vinzenz Rüttimann, President of the Swiss Diet (1826)
- David von Wyss II, President of the Swiss Diet (1827)
- Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1828)
- Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, President of the Swiss Diet (1829)
- Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer, President of the Swiss Diet (1830)
- Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1831)
- Eduard Pfyffer von Altishoven, President of the Swiss Diet (1832)
- Johann Jakob Hess, President of the Swiss Diet (1833)
- Konrad Melchior Hirzel, President of the Swiss Diet (1834)
- Franz Karl von Tavel, President of the Swiss Diet (1835)
- Karl Friedrich Tscharner, President of the Swiss Diet (1836)
- Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1837)
- Georg Jakob Kopp, President of the Swiss Diet (1838)
- Johann Jakob Hess, President of the Swiss Diet (1839)
- Johann Konrad von Muralt, President of the Swiss Diet (1840)
- Johann Karl Friedrich Neuhaus, President of the Swiss Diet (1841)
- Karl Friedrich Tscharner, President of the Swiss Diet (1842)
- Rudolf Rüttimann, President of the Swiss Diet (1843)
- Konstantin Siegwart-Müller, President of the Swiss Diet (1844)
- Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson, President of the Swiss Diet (1845)
- Jonas Furrer, President of the Swiss Diet (1845)
- Johann Ulrich Zehnder, President of the Swiss Diet (1846)
- Alexander Ludwig Funk, President of the Swiss Diet (1847)
- Ulrich Ochsenbein, (1847)
- Johann Rudolf Schneider, President of the Swiss Diet (1847)
- Ulrich Ochsenbein, President of the Swiss Diet (1847–1848)
- Alexander Ludwig Funk, President of the Swiss Diet (1848)
- Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1848–1849)
- Henri Druey, President of the Confederation (1850)
Constituent states of the Confederation of the Rhine and German Confederation
[edit]These are leaders of constituent states from the German mediatisation in 1806 until the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866. Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806).
- Alexius Frederick Christian, Prince (1796–1807), Duke (1807–1834)
- Alexander Karl, Duke (1834–1863)
- re-united to Anhalt
- Augustus Christian Frederick, Prince (1789–1806), Duke (1806–1812)
- Louis Augustus Karl Frederick Emil, Duke (1812–1818)
- Frederick Ferdinand, Duke (1818–1830)
- Henry V, Duke (1830–1847)
- merged to Anhalt-Dessau
- Leopold III, Prince (1751–1758), Duke (1758–1817), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1812–1817)
- Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1863), of Anhalt-Köthen (1847–1863), of Anhalt (1863–1871), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1817–1818)
- Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1863), of Anhalt-Köthen (1847–1863), of Anhalt (1863–1871), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1817–1818)
- Prosper Louis, Duke (1803–1810)
- Charles Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1746–1771), of Baden (1771–1803), Elector (1803–1806), Grand Duke (1806–1811)
- Charles, Grand Duke (1811–1818)
- Louis I, Grand Duke (1818–1830)
- Leopold, Grand Duke (1830–1852)
- Maximillian IV, Elector (1799–1805), King (1805–1825)
- Ludwig I, King (1825–1848)
- Maximilian II, King (1848–1864)
- George III, Duke (1760–1807, 1813–1820)
- George IV, Regent (1811–1820), Duke (1820–1823)
- Frederick William, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1806–1807), Duke of Brunswick (1813–1815)
- Charles II, Duke (1815–1830)
- William, Duke (1830–1884)
- Johann Wilhelm Metzler , Senior Mayor (1816–1817)
- Georg Steitz , Senior Mayor (1818)
- Johann Wilhelm Metzler, Senior Mayor (1819)
- Carl Wilhelm von Günderrode , Senior Mayor (1820)
- Johann Büchner , Senior Mayor (1821)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita , Senior Mayor (1822)
- Johann Wilhelm Metzler, Senior Mayor (1823)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1824)
- Johann Friedrich von Meyer, Senior Mayor (1825)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1826)
- Friedrich Philipp Wilhelm von Malapert , Senior Mayor (1827)
- Ferdinand Maximilian Starck , Senior Mayor (1828)
- Johann Peter Hieronymus Hoch , Senior Mayor (1829)
- Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp Freiherr von Malapert, Senior Mayor (1830)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1831)
- Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas , Senior Mayor (1832)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1833)
- Ferdinand Maximilian Starck, Senior Mayor (1834)
- Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas, Senior Mayor (1835)
- Ferdinand Maximilian Starck, Senior Mayor (1836)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1837)
- Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas, Senior Mayor (1838)
- Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1838)
- Johann Friedrich von Meyer, Senior Mayor (1839)
- Gottfried Scharff , Senior Mayor (1840)
- Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm von Günderrode , Senior Mayor (1841)
- Gottfried Scharff, Senior Mayor (1842)
- Johann Friedrich von Meyer, Senior Mayor (1843)
- Gottfried Scharff, Senior Mayor (1844)
- Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1845)
- Gottfried Scharff, Senior Mayor (1846)
- Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm Freiherr von Günderrode, Senior Mayor (1847)
- Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1848)
- Samuel Gottlieb Müller , Senior Mayor (1849)
- Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1850)
- George III, Elector (1760–1806), King (1814–1820)
- George IV, Regent (1810–1820), King (1820–1830)
- William IV, King (1830–1837)
- Ernest Augustus, King (1837–1851)
- Frederick V, Landgrave (1751–1820)
- Frederick VI, Landgrave (1820–1829)
- Louis William, Landgrave (1829–1839)
- Philip, Landgrave (1839–1846)
- Gustav, Landgrave (1846–1848)
- Ferdinand, Landgrave (1848–1866)
- William I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1785–1803), Elector of Hesse (1803–1807, 1813–1821)
- William II, Elector (1821–1847)
- Frederick William, Elector (1847–1866)
- Louis, Landgrave (1813–1816)
- Ernest Constantine, Landgrave (1816–1849)
- Charles II, Landgrave (1849–1866)
- Charles, Landgrave (1803–1854)
- Charles Emmanuel, Landgrave (1778–1812)
- Victor Amadeus, Landgrave (1812–1834)
- Hermann, Prince (1798–1810)
- Frederick, Prince (1810–1838)
- Constantine, Prince (1838–1850)
- Anton Aloys, Prince (1785–1831)
- Charles, Prince (1831–1848)
- Karl Anton, Prince (1848–1849)
- Dukes (complete list) –
- Christian VII, Duke of Holstein-Glückstadt (1766–1773), of Holstein (1773–1808)
- Frederick VI, Duke (1808–1839)
- Christian VIII, Duke (1839–1848)
- Frederik VII, Duke (1848–1863)
- Charles of Hesse-Kassel, Statholder (1768–1836)
- Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, Statholder (1836–1842)
- Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Statholder (1842–1851)
- Karl, Prince (1803–1820)
- Wolfgang Ernest III, Prince (1820–1866)
- Leopold II, Prince (1802–1851)
- William I, Duke (1839–1840)
- William II, Duke (1840–1849)
- William III, Duke (1849–1866)
- Nicolaus Jacob Keusch , Mayor (1817)
- Stephan Hinrich Behncke , Mayor (1818)
- Friedrich Nölting , Mayor (1826)
- Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf (Kaufmann, 1751) , Mayor (1827)
- Georg David Richerz , Mayor (1810)
- Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf , Mayor (1811)
- Anton Diedrich Gütschow , Mayor (1811–1813)
- Friedrich Adolph von Heintze , Mayor (1813)
- Christian Adolph Overbeck, Mayor (1814)
- Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf , Mayor (1813–1824)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1821)
- Adolph Hinrich Voeg , Mayor (1825)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1825)
- Adolph Hinrich Voeg , Mayor (1826)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1827)
- Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf (Kaufmann, 1751) , Mayor (1827)
- Adolph Hinrich Voeg , Mayor (1828)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1829)
- Adolph Hinrich Voeg , Mayor (1830)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1831)
- Adolph Hinrich Voeg , Mayor (1832)
- Bernhard Heinrich Frister , Mayor (1833)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1833)
- Johann Heinrich Kipp , Mayor (1833)
- Thomas Günther Wunderlich , Mayor (1833)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1834–1835)
- Christian Nicolaus von Evers , Mayor (1836)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1837)
- Christian Nicolaus von Evers , Mayor (1838)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1839)
- Christian Nicolaus von Evers , Mayor (1840)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1841)
- Christian Nicolaus von Evers , Mayor (1842)
- Christian Heinrich Kindler , Mayor (1843)
- Christian Nicolaus von Evers , Mayor (1844)
- Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl , Mayor (1845)
- Bernhard Heinrich Frister , Mayor (1845–1846)
- Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl , Mayor (1847–1848)
- Heinrich Brehmer , Mayor (1849–1850)
- Frederick Francis I, Duke (1785–1815), Grand Duke (1815–1837)
- Paul Frederick, Grand Duke (1837–1842)
- Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke (1842–1883)
- Charles II, Duke (1794–1815), Grand Duke (1815–1816)
- George I, Grand Duke (1816–1860)
- Frederick Augustus, Prince of Nassau-Usingen (1803–1806), Duke of Nassau (1806–1816)
- William, Princely count of Nassau-Weilburg (1816), Duke of Nassau (1816–1839)
- Adolphe, Duke (1839–1866)
- Wilhelm I, Duke (1785–1810), Grand Duke (1815–1823)
- Peter I, Regent (1785–1823), Grand Duke (1823–1829)
- Augustus I, Grand Duke (1829–1853)
- Heinrich LI, Count (1779–1806), Prince (1806–1822)
- Heinrich LXXII, Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (1822–1848), of Reuss-Lobenstein (1824–1848)
- Heinrich XLII, Prince (1806–1818)
- Heinrich LXII, Prince (1818–1854)
- Heinrich XIII, Prince (1800–1817)
- Heinrich XIX, Prince (1817–1836)
- Heinrich XX, Prince (1836–1859)
- Heinrich LIV, Prince (1805–1824)
- Heinrich LXXII, Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (1822–1848), of Reuss-Lobenstein (1824–1848)
- Frederick Charles Augustus, Count (1803–1813)
- Wilhelm Friedrich, Prince (1816–1865)
- Frederick IV, Prince (1794–1813)
- Francis Wenceslaus, Altgrave (1769–1811)
- Charles Joseph, Altgrave (1769–1790), Prince (1790–1811)
- Konstantin Alexander, Prince (1778–1813)
- Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1806–1826), of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1844)
- Augustus, Duke (1804–1822)
- Frederick IV, Duke (1822–1825)
- Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Regent (1803–1821)
- Bernhard II, Duke (1803–1866)
- Karl August, Duke (1758–1815), Grand Duke (1815–1828)
- Charles Frederick, Grand Duke (1828–1853)
- Frederick Augustus the Just, Elector (1763–1806), King (1806–1827)
- Anthony, King (1827–1836)
- Frederick Augustus II, King (1836–1854)
- Louis Frederick II, Prince (1793–1807)
- Caroline Louise of Hesse-Homburg, Regent (1807–1814)
- Frederick Günther, Prince (1807–1867)
- Günther Friedrich Carl I, Prince (1794–1835)
- Günther Friedrich Carl II, Prince (1835–1880)
- Albert Casimir, Duke (1766–1822)
- Charles, Duke (1822–1847)
- Albert, Duke (1847–1849)
- Friedrich Karl August, Prince (1763–1812)
- George I, Prince (1812–1813)
- George II, Prince (1813–1845)
- George Victor, Prince (1845–1893)
- Frederick I, Duke (1797–1803), Elector (1803–1805), King (1805–1816)
- William I, King (1816–1864)
- Ernest Casimir , Count (1801–1840), Prince (1840–1848)
- Ernest Casimir II, Prince (1848–1861)
Europe: East
[edit]Romania
- Constantin Ipsilanti, Prince (1799–1801)
- Alexandru Suțu, Prince (1801–1802)
- Iordache Conta, Chancellor (1802)
- Scarlat Callimachi, Prince (1806, 1807–1810, 1812–1819)
- Russian occupation (1806–1812)
- Bessarabia is placed under Imperial Russian rule in 1812.
- Alexandru Hangerli, Prince (1807)
- Iordache Ruset-Roznovanu, Kaymakam (1807)
- Veniamin Costache, Kaymakam (1807–1812, 1821)
- Mihail Suțu, Prince (1819–1821)
- Stolnici
Manu and Rizos-Nerulos - Alexander Ypsilantis, military commander of Filiki Eteria occupation (1821)
- Stefan Bogoridi, Kaymakam (1821–1822)
- Ioan Sturdza, Prince (1822–1828)
- Fyodor Pahlen, Pyotr Zheltukhin, and Pavel Kiseleff, military commanders of Russian occupation (1828–1834)
- Organic Statute government (1832–1856)
- Mihail Sturdza, Prince (1834–1849)
- Grigore Alexandru Ghica, Prince (1849–1853, 1854–1856)
- Alexandru Moruzi, Prince (1793–1796, 1799–1801)
- Alexandru Suțu, Prince (1802)
- Constantin Ypsilanti, Prince (1802–1806)
- Russian occupation (1806–1812)
- Ioan Gheorghe Caragea, Prince (1812–1818)
- Grigore Brâncoveanu, Kaymakam (1818)
- Alexandru Suțu, Prince (1818–1821)
- Grigore Brâncoveanu, Kaymakam (1821)
- Tudor Vladimirescu, Prince (1821)
- Scarlat Callimachi, Prince (1821)
- Grigore IV Ghica, Prince (1822–1828)
- Fyodor Pahlen, Pyotr Zheltukhin, and Pavel Kiseleff, military commanders (1828–1834)
- Organic Statute government (1832–1856)
- Alexandru II Ghica, Prince (1834–1842)
- Gheorghe Bibescu, Prince (1842–1848)
- Provisional Government (1848)
- Locotenența domnească, Regency of three (1848)
- Omar Pasha and Alexander von Lüders, military commanders (1848–1851)
- Constantin Cantacuzino, Kaymakam (1848)
- Barbu Știrbei, Prince (1848–1853, 1854–1856)
Russia
-
- Paul, Emperor (1796–1801)
- Alexander I, Emperor (1801–1825)
- Nicholas I, Emperor (1825–1855)
- Heads of government (complete list) –
- Alexander Vorontsov, de facto head of government (1802–1804)
- Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, de facto head of government (1804–1806)
- Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg, de facto head of government (1806–1807)
- Nikolay Rumyantsev, de facto head of government (1807–1810), Chairman of the committee of ministers (1810–1812)
- Nikolai Saltykov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1812–1816)
- Pyotr Lopukhin, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1816–1827)
- Viktor Kochubey, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1827–1834)
- Nikolay Novosiltsev, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1834–1838)
- Illarion Vasilchikov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1838–1847)
- Vasily Levashov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1847–1848)
- Alexander Chernyshyov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1848–1856)
- Ghazi Muhammad, Imam (1828–1832)
- Hamzat Bek, Imam (1832–1834)
- Shamil, Imam (1834–1859)
Ukraine
- 1795–1804, kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy
- Francis II, King (1792–1835)
- 1804–1918, crownland of the Austrian Empire
- Francis II, King (1792–1835)
- Ferdinand I, King (1835–1848)
- Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1916)
Europe: Nordic
[edit]Denmark
- Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway (1766–1808)
- Frederick VI, King of Denmark (1808–1839), King of Norway (1808–1814)
-
- Frederick VI, King (1808–1839)
- Christian VIII, King (1839–1848)
- Frederik VII, King (1848–1863)
- Adam Wilhelm Moltke, Prime minister (1848–1852)
- Christian VII, Duke (1766–1808)
- Frederick VI, Duke (1808–1839)
- Christian VIII, Duke (1839–1848)
- Frederik VII, Duke (1848–1863)
Finland
- Alexander I, Grand Prince (1809–1825)
- Nicholas I, Grand Prince (1825–1855)
Norway
- Christian VIII, Regent (1814), King (1814)
Sweden
- Gustav IV Adolf, King (1792–1809)
- Charles XIII, King of Sweden (1809–1818), King of Norway (1814–1818)
Sweden–Norway
-
- Charles XIII, King of Sweden (1809–1818) King of Norway (1814–1818)
- Charles XIV/III John, King (1818–1844)
- Oscar I, King (1844–1859)
- Heads of government in Norway (complete list) –
- First ministers in Christiania, Norway
- Frederik Gottschalk von Haxthausen, First Minister (1814)
- Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz, First Minister (1814–1815)
- Mathias Sommerhielm, First Minister (1815–1822)
- Jonas Collett, First Minister (1822–1836)
- Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog, First Minister (1836–1855)
Europe: Southcentral
[edit]Italy
- Sister republic of France, 1802–1805
- Napoleon, President (1802–1805)
- Sister republic of France, 1805–1814
- Napoleon, Sovereign (1814–1815)
- Louis I, King (1801–1803)
- Maria Luisa, Regent (1803–1807)
- Charles Louis II, King (1803–1807)
- Girolamo Luigi Durazzo, Doge (1797–1805)
- (complete list) –
- client republic of France, 1797–1805
- For details see France under western Europe
- Francis I, King (1815–1835)
- Ferdinand I, King (1835–1848)
- Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1866)
- client state of France
- Elisa Bonaparte, Princess (1805–1814)
- Maria Luisa, Duchess (1815–1824)
- Charles I, Duke (1824–1847)
- Elisa Bonaparte, ruler (1806–1814)
- Maria Beatrice, Duchess and Princess (1790–1796, 1815–1829)
- Francesco IV, Duke (1814–1846)
- Francesco V, Duke (1846–1859)
- Ferdinand IV, King (1799–1806)
- Joseph I, King (1806–1808)
- Joachim I the Dandy King, King (1808–1815)
- Ferdinand IV, King of Sicily (1759–1816), of Naples (1815–1816), of the Two Sicilies (1816–1825)
- Ferdinand, Duke (1765–1802)
- Cambacérès, Duke (1808–1814)
- Lebrun, Duke (1808–1814)
- Marie Louise, Duke (1814–1847)
- Charles Louis, Duke (1847–1849)
- Charles III, Duke (1849–1854)
- Giuseppe Mazzini, Carlo Armellini, Aurelio Saffi, Triumvirate (1849)
- Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Sardinia (1796–1802)
- Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (1802–1821), Duke of Savoy (1814–1821)
- Charles Felix, King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy (1821–1831)
- Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy (1831–1849)
- Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy (1849–1861)
- Ferdinand IV, King of Sicily (1759–1816), of Naples (1815–1816), of the Two Sicilies (1816–1825)
- Ferdinand I, King of Sicily (1759–1816), of Naples (1815–1816), of the Two Sicilies (1816–1825)
- Francis I, King (1825–1830)
- Ferdinand II, King (1830–1859)
- Ferdinando III, Grand Duke (1790–1801, 1814–1824)
- Leopoldo II, Grand Duke (1824–1849, 1849–1859)
Malta
- British protectorate, 1800–1813
- British colony, 1813–1964
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Gozo –
- Ferdinand, King (1798–1802)
San Marino
-
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1800–1801)
- Giuliano Belluzzi, Marino Bertoni, Captains Regent (1801)
- Mariano Begni, Antonio Capicchioni, Captains Regent (1801–1802)
- Filippo Belluzzi, Marino Tassini, Captains Regent (1802)
- Annibale Gozi, Giovanni Filippi, Captains Regent (1802–1803)
- Camillo Bonelli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1803)
- Antonio Onofri, Marino Francesconi, Captains Regent (1803–1804)
- Marino Belluzzi, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1804)
- Francesco Giannini, Giuseppe Righi, Captains Regent (1804–1805)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Antonio Capicchioni, Captains Regent (1805)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1805–1806)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Marino Tassini, Captains Regent (1806)
- Alessandro Righi, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1806–1807)
- Antonio Onofri, Marino Francesconi, Captains Regent (1807)
- Camillo Bonelli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1807–1808)
- Marino Giangi, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1808)
- Federico Gozi, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1808–1809)
- Francesco Giannini, Vincenzo Belzoppi, Captains Regent (1809)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1809–1810)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Maria Giuseppe Malpeli, Captains Regent (1810)
- Antonio Onofri, Marino Francesconi, Captains Regent (1810–1811)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Marino Bertoni, Captains Regent (1811)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1811–1812)
- Camillo Bonelli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1812)
- Francesco Giannini, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1812–1813)
- Marino Belluzzi, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1813)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1813–1814)
- Federico Gozi, Andrea Albertini, Captains Regent (1814)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Maria Giuseppe Malpeli, Captains Regent (1814–1815)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1815)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1815–1816)
- Camillo Bonelli, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1816)
- Luigi Giannini, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1816–1817)
- Antonio Onofri, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1817)
- Federico Gozi, Vincenzo Belzoppi, Captains Regent (1817–1818)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1818)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1818–1819)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Andrea Albertini, Captains Regent (1819)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1819–1820)
- Luigi Giannini, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1820)
- Camillo Bonelli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1820–1821)
- Antonio Onofri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1821)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1821–1822)
- Federico Gozi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1822)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1822–1823)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1823)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1823–1824)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Vincenzo Braschi, Captains Regent (1824)
- Luigi Giannini, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1824–1825)
- Raffaele Gozi, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1825)
- Camillo Bonelli, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1825–1826)
- Giambattista Onofri, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1826)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1826–1827)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1827)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Vincenzo Braschi, Captains Regent (1827–1828)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1828)
- Luigi Giannini, Giacomo Antonio Tini, Captains Regent (1828–1829)
- Camillo Bonelli, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1829)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1829–1830)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1830)
- Giambattista Onofri, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1830–1831)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1831)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1831–1832)
- Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1832)
- Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1832–1833)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1833)
- Luigi Giannini, Vincenzo Braschi, Captains Regent (1833–1834)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1834)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Pietro Tassini, Captains Regent (1834–1835)
- Francesco Maria Belluzzi/ Raffaele Gozi, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1835)
- Giambattista Bonelli, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1835–1836)
- Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1836)
- Giuseppe Gozi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1836–1837)
- Filippo Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1837)
- Giuseppe Mercuri, Marc' Antonio Tassini, Captains Regent (1837–1838)
- Girolamo Gozi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1838)
- Mariano Begni, Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Captains Regent (1838–1839)
- Giambattista Bonelli, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1839)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1839–1840)
- Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1840)
- Raffaele Gozi, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1840–1841)
- Filippo Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1841)
- Girolamo Gozi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1841–1842)
- Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1842)
- Giuseppe Gozi, Domenic' Antonio Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1842–1843)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Marino Malpeli, Captains Regent (1843)
- Lodovico Belluzzi, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1843–1844)
- Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1844)
- Pietro Zoli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1844–1845)
- Giambattista Bonelli, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1845)
- Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1845–1846)
- Filippo Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1846)
- Francesco Guidi Giangi, Costanzo Damiani, Captains Regent (1846–1847)
- Girolamo Gozi, Domenic' Antonio Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1847)
- Giuliano Malpeli, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1847–1848)
- Giuseppe Gozi, Marino Malpeli, Captains Regent (1848)
- Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1848–1849)
- Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1849)
- Giambattista Braschi, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1849–1850)
- Vincenzo Angeli, Costanzo Damiani, Captains Regent (1850)
- Giambattista Bonelli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1850–1851)
Vatican City
- Pius VII, Pope (1800–1823)
- Leo XII, Pope (1823–1829)
- Pius VIII, Pope (1829–1830)
- Gregory XVI, Pope (1831–1846)
- Pius IX, Pope (1846–1878)
Europe: Southwest
[edit]Andorra
- Episcopal Co-Princes (complete list) –
- Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros, Episcopal Co-Prince (1797–1816)
- Bernat Francés Caballero i Mathet, Episcopal Co-Prince (1817–1824)
- Bonifaci López i Pulido, Episcopal Co-Prince (1824–1827)
- Simó de Guardiola i Hortoneda, Episcopal Co-Prince (1827–1851)
- French Co-Princes (complete list) –
- Napoleon I, French Co-Prince (1806–1812, 1813–1814, 1815)
- Louis XVIII, French Co-Prince (1814–1815, 1815–1824)
- Napoleon II, French Co-Prince (1815)
- Charles X, French Co-Prince (1824–1830)
- Louis Philippe I, French Co-Prince (1830–1848)
- Napoléon III, French Co-Prince (1848–1870)
Portugal
- Monarchs (complete list) –
- Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Prime minister (1834–1835)
- Vitório Maria de Sousa Coutinho, Prime minister (1835)
- João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira e Daun, Prime minister (1835)
- José Jorge Loureiro, Prime minister (1835–1836)
- António Severim de Noronha, Prime minister (1836)
- José da Gama Carneiro e Sousa, Prime minister (1836)
- Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Prime minister (1836–1837)
- António Dias de Oliveira, Prime minister (1837)
- Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Prime minister (1837–1839)
- Rodrigo Pinto Pizarro, Prime minister (1839)
- José Travassos Valdez, Prime minister (1839–1841)
- Joaquim António de Aguiar, Prime minister (1841–1842)
- Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Prime minister (1842)
- António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, Prime minister (1842–1846)
- Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Prime minister (1846)
- João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira e Daun, Prime minister (1846–1849)
- António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, Prime minister (1849–1851)
Spain
- Charles IV, King (1788–1808)
- Ferdinand VII, King (1808)
-
- Joseph Bonaparte, King (1808–1813)
- Mariano Luis de Urquijo, Prime minister (1808–1813)
- Juan O'Donoju O'Ryan, Prime minister (1813)
- Fernando de Laserna, Prime minister (1813)
- Ferdinand VII, King (1813–1833)
- Isabella II, Queen (1833–1868)
Europe: West
[edit]Belgium
-
- Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, Regent (1831)
- Leopold I, King (1831–1865)
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Etienne Constantin de Gerlache, Prime minister (1831)
- Joseph Lebeau, Prime minister (1831)
- Félix de Muelenaere, Prime minister (1831–1832)
- Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella, Prime minister (1832–1834)
- Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt, Prime minister (1834–1840)
- Joseph Lebeau, Prime minister (1840–1841)
- Jean-Baptiste Nothomb, Prime minister (1841–1845)
- Sylvain Van de Weyer, Prime minister (1845–1846)
- Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt, Prime minister (1846–1847)
- Charles Rogier, Prime minister (1847–1852)
France
- Napoleon I, First Consul (1799–1804)
- Napoleon I, Emperor (1804–1814, 1815)
- Napoleon II, Emperor (1815)
- Bourbon Restoration of France
-
- Louis XVIII, King (1814–1815, 1815–1824)
- Charles X, King (1824–1830)
- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Prime minister (1815)
- Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Prime minister (1815–1818)
- Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles, Prime minister (1818–1819)
- Élie, duc Decazes, Prime minister (1819–1820)
- rmand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Prime minister (1820–1821)
- Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Prime minister (1821–1828)
- Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, Prime minister (1828–1829)
- Jules de Polignac, Prime minister (1829–1830)
- July Monarchy of France
-
- Louis Philippe I, King (1830–1848)
- Victor de Broglie, Prime minister (1830)
- Jacques Laffitte, Prime minister (1830–1831)
- Casimir Pierre Périer, Prime minister (1831–1832)
- Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Prime minister (1832–1834)
- Étienne Maurice Gérard, Prime minister (1834)
- Hugues-Bernard Maret, Prime minister (1834)
- Édouard Mortier, Prime minister (1834–1835)
- Victor de Broglie, Prime minister (1835–1836)
- Adolphe Thiers, Prime minister (1836)
- Louis-Mathieu Molé, Prime minister (1836–1839)
- Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Prime minister (1839–1840)
- Adolphe Thiers, Prime minister (1840)
- Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Prime minister (1840–1847)
- François Guizot, Prime minister (1847–1848)
- Louis-Mathieu Molé, Prime minister (1848)
-
- Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, President of the provisional government (1848)
- Executive Commission: François Arago (President), Alphonse de Lamartine, Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin, Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges (1848)
- Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, Chief of the Executive Power (1848)
- Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, President (1848–1852)
- Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Prime minister (1848)
- François Arago, Prime minister (1848)
- Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, Prime minister (1848)
- Odilon Barrot, Prime minister (1848–1849)
- Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul, Prime minister (1849–1851)
Luxembourg
-
- William I, Grand Duke (1815–1840)
- William II, Grand Duke (1840–1849)
- William III, Grand Duke (1849–1890)
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine, Prime minister (1848)
- Jean-Jacques Willmar, Prime minister (1848–1853)
Monaco
- Monaco (complete list) –
- Honoré IV, Prince (1814–1819)
- Honoré V, Prince (1819–1841)
- Florestan I, Prince (1841–1856)
Netherlands
- Uitvoerend Bewind (1798–1801)
- Louis Bonaparte, King (1806–1810)
- Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, King (1810)
- William I, Sovereign Prince (1813–1815), King (1815–1840)
-
- William I, Sovereign Prince (1813–1815), King (1815–1840)
- William II, King (1840–1849)
- William III, King (1849–1890)
- Gerrit Schimmelpenninck, Prime minister (1848)
- Jacob de Kempenaer, Prime minister (1848–1849)
- Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Prime minister (1849–1853)
Eurasia: Caucasus
[edit]Azerbaijan
- Mirza Muhammad II, Khan (1797–1801)
- Husayn Quli, Khan (1801–1806)
- Javad, Khan (1786–1804)
- Kalbali, Khan (1787–1823)
- Ehsan Kangarlu,[61] Khan (1823–1828)
- Karim Kangarlu,[62] Khan (1828–1834)
- Shaykh Ali Agha, Khan (1791–1806)
- Husayn, Khan (1806–1816)
Georgia
- Keilash Ahmed–Bey, Prince (c.1780–1808)
- Aslan-Bey, Prince (1808–1810)
- Sefer Ali–Bey, Prince (1810–1821)
- Umar–Bey, Prince (1821–1822)
- Mikhail, Prince (1822–1864)
- Solomon II, King (1789–1790, 1792–1810)
- David Bagrationi, Regent (1800–1801)
Russia: Dagestan
- Umma, Khan (1774–1801)
- Surkhay ibn Muhammad, Khan (1789–1820)
- Aslan ibn Shakhmardan, Khan (1820–1836)
- Nutsal-Aga ibn Aslan, Khan (1836–1836)
- Muhammad-Mirza ibn Aslan, Khan (1836–1838)
- Ummu Kulsum-Beke, Khan (1838–1841)
- Abdurrahman ibn Umar, Khan (1841–1847)
- Aglar ibn Umar, Khan (1847–1859)
Oceania
[edit]Australia and Papua New Guinea
[edit]Australia
- British colony, 1788–1900
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Papua New Guinea
- German colony, 1884–1919
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
- British protectorate, 1884–1888
- British colony, 1888–1902
- For details see the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe
Pacific
[edit]Chile
- Te Kena, King (?)
- Te Tite Anga Henua, King (?)
- Nga'ara, King (c.1835–pre-1860)
Fiji
French Polynesia
- Fonati, King (1784–c.1839)
- Niuliki, King (c.1839–1841)
- Musumusu, Regent (1841–1844)
- Filipo Meitala, King (1844–1862)
- Kingdom of Huahine (complete list) –
- Tenania, King (1793–1810)
- Mahine Teheiura, King (1810–1815)
- Teriʻitaria II, Queen (1815–1852)
- Te Oa, son of Te Ariki-tea and Toatau King (?)
- Te Mateoa (or Mapu-rure), King (?–c.1831)[63]
- Te Ika-tohora, King (?–c.1824)[64]
- Te Maputeoa, Gregorio I, King (1830–1857)[65]
- Kingdom of Raiatea (complete list) –
- Tamatoa III, King (1820–1831)
- Tamatoa IV, King (1831–1857)
- Vanae, King (1800–1839)
- Petelo Keletaona, King (1842–1851)
- Manuka, King (1767–1810)
- Tufele I, King (1810–1818)
- Muliakaaka, King (1820–1825)
- Uhila, King (1825)
- Toifale, Queen (1825)
- Mulitoto, King (1825–1826)
- Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua, King (1826–1829)
- Takala, King (1829–1830)
- Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua, King (1830–1858)
New Zealand
- British colony, 1841–1907
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Patua-valu, Patu-iki (?)
- Galiga, Patu-iki (?)
- British protectorate, 1888–1901
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Makea Tinirau Ariki, High Chief (?–1823)
- Makea Pori Ariki, High Chief (1823–1839)
- Makea Davida Ariki, High Chief (1839–1845)
- Makea Te Vaerua Ariki, Queen Regnant (1845–1857)
Samoa and American Samoa
- Vai'inupo, Malietoa (?–1841)
- Malietoa Natuitasina, Malietoa (1841–1858)
- Seiuli, Manu’a (?)
- U’uolelaoa, Manu’a (?)
- Fagaese, Manu’a (?)
- Tauveve, Manu’a (?)
Solomon Islands
Tonga
- Tupoumālohi, Tuʻi Kanokupolu (1799–1812)
- Tupoutoʻa, Tuʻi Kanokupolu (1808–1820)
- Aleamotuʻa/ Josiah Tupou, Tuʻi Kanokupolu (c.1820–1845)
- Tuʻi Kanokupolu of Tonga (complete list) –
- George Tupou I/ Tāufaʻāhau, King (1845–1893)
Tuvalu
United Kingdom
- John Adams, Leader (1800–1829)
- Joshua Hill, President (1832–1838)
- Became a British colony
United States: Hawaii
- Kauai (complete list) –
- Kaumualiʻi, King of Kaua'i and Ni'ihau (1794–1810)
- Kings (complete list) –
- Kamehameha I, King (1795–1819)
- Kamehameha II, King (1819–1824)
- Kamehameha III, King (1825–1854)
- Kuhina Nui (complete list) –
- Kaʻahumanu I, Kuhina Nui (1819–1832)
- Kaʻahumanu II, Kuhina Nui (1832–1839)
- Kaʻahumanu III, Kuhina Nui (1839–1845)
- Keoni Ana, Kuhina Nui (1845–1855)
Vanuatu
See also
[edit]- List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century
- List of political entities in the 19th century
References
[edit]- ^ Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910; page 17–19
- ^ Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
- ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxix
- ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxvif
- ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
- ^ [Ta'a, Tesema. "The Process of Urbanization in Wollega, Western Ethiopia: The Case of Neqemte". Journal of Ethiopian Studies 26, no. 1 (1993): 59–72. Accessed April 29, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/41966012. p. 63]
- ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.
- ^ a b c Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780810866041. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- ^ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History, Volume 2. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 990. ISBN 9781579584542.
- ^ MacMichael, H. A. (1922). "Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings". A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. OCLC 264942362.
- ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). "Genealogical Tables and King-Lists". The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-90-04-11256-8.
- ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 226. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.
- ^ Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.
- ^ Madiéga, Y. Georges (1982). Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 123. ISBN 978-3-515-03222-3.
- ^ Madiéga 1982, p. 117,123.
- ^ Delmond, Paul (1949). "Esquisse geographique du Gourra central: Le cercle de Dori (Haute-Volta)". Notes Africaines (43): 57–60.
- ^ a b c Madiéga 1982, p. 123.
- ^ Madiéga 1982, p. 123,131–132.
- ^ Hughes, Arnold and David Perfect. Historical Dictionary of the Gambia. p. 113
- ^ Tilho, J. (1911), Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Tilho (1906-1909) (3 volumes) (in French), Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, pp. 505–510 Volume 2
- ^ "Nigeria: Traditional polities". Rulers.Org. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 80-94.
- ^ a b c d Slavery and the Birth of an African City. p. 46.
- ^ a b c d Ojo, Olatunji; Hunt, Nadine (2012-09-15). Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean: A History of Enslavement and Identity Since the 18th Century. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781780761152.
- ^ Mann, Kristin (2007). Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900. Indiana University Press, 2007. p. 45. ISBN 9780253348845.
- ^ a b c d Adewunmi Elegbede. "Kingdoms of Nigeria, The Nigerian Database of Rulers, Kings, Kingdoms, Political and Traditional Leaders". kingdomsofnigeria.com.
- ^ a b Slavery and the Birth of an African City.
- ^ a b Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean. p. 95.
- ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
- ^ Diouf, Chronique du royaume du Sine, loc. cit., p. 712-733
- ^ Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du Waalo": le Sénégal avant la conquête, Karthala, 1985, p 317, ISBN 2865371417
- ^ Rosa, Vol. III, pp. 75–114
- ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 114–129
- ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 143
- ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 143–160
- ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 160
- ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 161–242
- ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 242–253
- ^ Mendelevich, p. 28
- ^ Rosa, vol. V, pp. 73–97
- ^ Rosa, vol. IV, pp. 97–117
- ^ Rosa, vol. IV, pp. 127–129
- ^ Rosa, vol. IV, pp. 129–171
- ^ Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9.
- ^ a b c d Stokvis (1888); Sulendraningrat (1985); Sunardjo (1996), p. 81.
- ^ Sutherland (1973–1974).
- ^ Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
- ^ Nagtegaal (1996); Sutherland (1973–1974).
- ^ De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233–4.
- ^ a b Stokvis (1888).
- ^ De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Selayang pandang (1990); Truhart (2003), p. 1234.
- ^ a b "Sonbai Article". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
- ^ The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
- ^ Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ "Dato' Yazid Mat, Page 4 and 5". Archived from the original on 2018-04-14. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
- ^ NEBEZ, Jemal (2017-08-14). Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte (in German). epubli. ISBN 978-3-7450-1125-8.
- ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
- ^ Ate, Sabri; Ateş, Sabri (2013-10-21). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03365-8.
- ^ Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia, Baku, 1983, vol. 7, p. 176
- ^ George A. Bournoutian (1998). Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889. p. 516. ISBN 1568590687.
- ^ Martijn Theodoor Houtsma; et al. (eds.). "Nakhcuwan". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Publishers. OCLC 8096647.
- ^ Laval, Honoré; Newbury, C. W.; O'Reilly, Patrick (1968). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Mangareva: ère chrétienne, 1834-1871. Paris: Musée de l'Homme. p. 9.
- ^ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 9.
- ^ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 578.